Test 1 Vocab

Question 1

Air and Water Systems-

Answer 1

Most of the heating and cooling of each zone is accomplished via the water distribution tree, which is much thinner than the tree needed by air. For air quality—filtering, humidity, freshness—a small, centrally conditioned airstream, equal to the total fresh air required, is provided.

Question 2

Air Cushion Tank

Answer 2

compression tank, or expansion tank is a closed tank containing air, usually located above the boiler.

Question 3

Air Ducts

Answer 3

Duct sizes (in cross section) are frequently of interest early in the design process. Duct depths can help determine floor heights; duct cross sections influence the sizes and shapes of the vertical cores that serve multistory buildings.

Question 4

Air Gaps and Vacuum Breakers

Answer 4

Nearly every plumbing fixture is supplied with pure water at one point, and most discharge contaminated fluids at another.

Question 5

Air-Air Heat Pumps

Answer 5

These use the refrigeration cycle to both heat and cool, thus eliminating the distinction between furnace(or boiler) and DX cooling coils. Heat is “pumped” from indoors to outdoors in summer and from outdoors to indoors in winter. Heat pumps can transfer heat air-air, air-water, and water-water.

Question 6

Air-Extract Window/Air Curtain Window/Climate Windows.

Answer 6

Developed in Scandinavia in the 1950s, this is a triple-glazed window that passes room air between a typical outer double-glazed window and an inner single pane. The inner pane thus is kept at very nearly the same temperature as the room air, which greatly increases comfort near windows on very cold (or very hot) days.

Question 7

Alarm Gong

Answer 7

an alarm gong mounted on the outside of the building warns of water flow through the alarm valve upon activation of a sprinkler head.

Question 8

Alkalinity

Answer 8

caused by bicarbonate, carbonate, or hydroxide components

Question 9

All-Air Systems

Answer 9

Air is the only heat transfer medium used between the mechanical room (central station) and the zones it serves, and because air holds much less heat per unit volume than water, the distribution trees for this class are quite thick.

Question 10

All-Water Systems

Answer 10

These systems only heat and cool; the distribution trees are indeed slim. Air quality is dealt with elsewhere—either locally, by means of infiltration or windows; or by a separate fresh air supply system; or simply by fresh air from an adjacent system, such as a ventilated interior zone.

Question 11

Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE)

Answer 11

ratio of annual fuel output energy to annual input

Question 12

Audible Consumption

Answer 12

Is another strategy, calling attention to the flow of supply (or waste) water. This is achieved most simply by slightly undersizing water supply pipes so that the water velocity becomes audible (at about 10 fps [3 m/s]).

Question 13

Automatic dry systems

Answer 13

pipes are filled with pressurized air, and are connected to a water supply capable of automatically meeting the firefighting demands. Through a device such as a drypipe valve, water replaces the air when a hose valve is opened.

Question 14

Automatic wet systems

Answer 14

pipes are filled with water and are connected to a water supply capable of automatically meeting the firefighting demands. Water flows immediately upon opening of a hose valve.

Question 15

Blackwater

Answer 15

requires much more extensive treatment, given its high concentration of human waste. However, this may be the easiest waste stream to eliminate

Question 16

Bubblers

Answer 16

sprinklers with very low flow rates and less evaporative water loss.

Question 17

Cartridge filtration

Answer 17

can exclude particles of 0.2 microns or smaller

Question 18

Ceiling Air Supply

Answer 18

This approach is so widespread that many lighting fixtures are made to either serve as diffusers for supply air or as intakes for return-air. As return-air fixtures, they are especially effective because they remove much of the heat from electric lighting before it can contribute to overheating the office space below.

Question 19

Chloramine

Answer 19

generated on site by adding ammonia to water containing chlorine or when water containing ammonia is chlorinated

Question 20

Circuit Venting

Answer 20

Which permits air and gases to pass in and out of the soil or waste branch instead of at each fixture, as in the case of continuous venting (individual fixture venting)—can prevent the siphonage of trap seals or their penetration by gases.

Question 21

Circulating Pumps

Answer 21

used to overcome the friction of flow in the piping and fittings and to deliver water at a rate sufficient to offset the hourly heat loss of the house or building.

Question 22

Clearwater

Answer 22

(backwash water from reverse osmosis water treatment; condensation from a cooling coil)

Question 23

Coagulation

Answer 23

a process that removes suspended matter, along with some coloration

Question 24

Coefficient of Performance (COP)

Answer 24

for cooling, it is the ratio of the rate of heat removal to the rate of energy input in consistent units, for a complete cooling system (or factory-assembled equipment), as tested under a nationally recognized standard or designated operating conditions. For heating (heat pump), it is the ratio of the rate of heat delivered to the rate of energy input in consistent units, for a complete heat pump system as tested under designated operating conditions

Question 25

Combined sewers

Answer 25

carries both storm water and so-called sanitary drainage to the rivers

Question 26

Conduction

Answer 26

we touch cooler surfaces, and heat is transferred

Question 27

Conservation

Answer 27

reserves high-quality water for high-grade tasks and emphasizes recycling as well as diminished overall usage of water

Question 28

Convection

Answer 28

air molecules contact our body, absorbing heat

Question 29

Conventional Toilets

Answer 29

These toilets may no longer be legally installed in the United States due to their high water consumption. They are still widely encountered in existing installations. In the common toilet, a sudden deluge of water removes human waste and simultaneously helps cleanse the toilet.

Question 30

Cooling Coils Added to Warm Air Furnaces-

Answer 30

utilizes a rather simple arrangement of the refrigeration cycle. The condenser heat is carried away by water and the evaporation process draws heat out of water in another circuit to produce chilled water.

Question 31

Current practice

Answer 31

tends toward the use of large amounts of water for very-low grade tasks

Question 32

Dark graywater

Answer 32

(from washing machines with dirty diaper loads, kitchen sinks, and dishwashers; usually prohibited for reuse)

Question 33

Design Temperature

Answer 33

what is the lowest reasonable outdoor temperature for which a heating device should be sized, if the desired interior temperature is to be maintained.

Question 34

Developed length

Answer 34

actual distance of water flow

Question 35

Diaphragm Tank

Answer 35

separates the air and water with an inert, flexible material; this prevents reabsorption of the air by the water.

Question 36

Diatomaceous earth filters/precoat/diatomite filters

Answer 36

rely on a layer of diatomaceous earth to remove cysts, algae and asbestos

Question 37

Direct filtration

Answer 37

should include coagulation for most effective Giardia removal

Question 38

Direct Fired

Answer 38

when a fuel such as natural gas is used as the heat for the generator

Question 39

Direct Refrigerant Systems-

Answer 39

-Nearly eliminate the distribution trees of air or water, relying instead on a heating/cooling device adjacent to or within the space to be served.

Question 40

Disinfection

Answer 40

the most important health-related water treatment, because it destroys microorganisms that can cause disease in humans

Question 41

Double

Answer 41

Effect Absorption Cycle-adds a second generator and condenser that operate at a higher temperature. It approximately doubles the efficiency of the single-effect cycle.

Question 42

Down feed

Answer 42

pumps raise the water to storage tanks at the top of a building, and water then drops down to the plumbing fixtures

Question 43

Dry-Bulb (DB)

Answer 43

Temperature-DB temperature is the ambient air temperature as measured by a standard thermometer, thermocouple, or resistance temperature device.

Question 44

Dual-Duct, Constant-Volume Systems

Answer 44

The dual- (or double-) duct system requires two complete distribution trees at the height of summer the cooling airstream does all the work, whereas in the coldest winter conditions the heating airstream carries the load. Most of the time, air from these two streams is mixed to order at each zone’s air terminals.

Question 45

Elimination

Answer 45

Several conflicts arise with toilets: the already mentioned difficulty of combining cleansing with elimination, the issue of pure (high-grade) water for an impure (low-grade) purpose, and the conflict over the height of the toilet. A lower toilet is definitely of benefit to the average person, who will achieve far better bowel evacuation in a full squatting position.

Question 46

Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)-

Answer 46

ratio of net equipment cooling capacity in Btu/h to the total rate of electric input in watts under designated operating conditions. (When consistent units are used, this ratio is the same as COP. energy, which includes any nonseason pilot input loss.

Question 47

Exposure Protection

Answer 47

common in areas where highly flammable surroundings pose a serious threat of fires originating outside a building. typically used in high-flammable buildings (lumberyards,etc.).

Question 48

Fan-Coil with Supplementary Air

Answer 48

Moves room air as it provides either heating or cooling.

Question 49

Fan-Powered VAV Systems

Answer 49

Allows individual units to heat when the main supply system is cooling; it might therefore serve perimeter zones.

Question 50

Fire Safety Objectives

Answer 50

Protection of Life. Protection of Building. Protection of Contents. Continuity of Operation.

Question 51

Flocculation

Answer 51

suspended particles combine with the alum to form floc (similar to sedimentation, adjustment to pH may be necessary

Question 52

Flushing Controls

Answer 52

Water conservation is encouraged by the dual cycle toilet, whose flushing mechanism allows a choice of fewer gallons for liquid wastes, more gallons for solid wastes. This simple mechanism is still more commonly seen outside the United States; its handle is pushed up for liquid flushing and down for solids.

Question 53

Four common filtration systems are

Answer 53

seepage pits, drain fields, mounds, and sand filters. Occasionally, a tertiary treatment (usually disinfection with chlorine) must be used, as when outflows from secondary treatment will flow directly into surface waterways.

Question 54

Gas-Fired Cast-Iron Hot Water Boiler

Answer 54

Cast-iron sections contain water that is heated by hot gases rising through these sections.

Question 55

Graywater (also spelled greywater)

Answer 55

reuse opportunities are more limited than those of rainwater, because graywater carries increased threats from pathogens.

Question 56

Ground Source Heat Pumps-

Answer 56

Ground-air heat pumps, also called geothermal heat pumps or geoexchange systems, are found in several configurations throughout North America. They often provide domestic hot water in addition to heating and cooling. An environmentally safe refrigerant is circulated through a loop installed underground (or in a pond or lake), taking heat from the soil in winter and discharging heat to the soil in summer.

Question 57

Handling Capacity (HC)

Answer 57

maximum number of passengers that can be handled in a time given period-usually 5min (aka 5-minute handling capacity) when expressed as a percentage of the building population it is known as percent handling capacity (PHC).

Question 58

Heater-Type Composting Toilets

Answer 58

Another approach puts the composting chamber within the toilet itself. The more compact the composting chamber, the more likely that heat must be added to speed decomposition and to evaporate liquid.

Question 59

Heating Capacity

Answer 59

rate of useful heat output with the boiler operating under steady-state conditions, often expressed in MBh (1000 Btu/h).

Question 60

Horizontal Distribution Above Corridors

Answer 60

reduced headroom here is more acceptable than in the main activity areas. Furthermore, corridors tend to be away from windows, so their lower ceilings do not interfere with daylight penetration.