test 1 vocab Flashcards
adversarial relationship:
A relationship in which two parties contend with or oppose each other. In the United States, the media are expected to have an adversarial relationship with the government so that they can serve a watchdog role.adversarial relationship: A relationship in which two parties contend with or oppose each other. In the United States, the media are expected to have an adversarial relationship with the government so that they can serve a watchdog role.
antitrust laws:
Laws that prohibit monopolistic practices in restraint of trade.
censorship:
Action that prohibits an act of expression from being made public.
communication:
The process of human beings sharing messages
conglomerates:
Large companies that own many different types of businesses.
convergence:
Combining computer, telephone, and mass media technologies.
feedback:
:Messages that return from the receiver of a message to the source of that message.
economies of scale:
Savings that accrue with mass production.
cultural imperialism:
The displacement of a nation’s customs with those of another country.
cross merchandizing:
Promoting a product in one form to sell it in some other form.
First Amendment:
Part of the Bill of Rights that guarantees freedom of speech.
vertical integration:
Ownership of various stages of production and distribution of a product.
synergy:
Combination of forces that results in a whole that is more than the sum of its parts.
prior restraint:
Prevention of publication by government.
medium:
An interposed device used to transmit messages.
mediated interpersonal communication:
The sharing of personal messages through an interposed device.
mediated communication:
Messages conveyed through an interposed device rather than face-to-face.
media literacy
The ability to understand and make productive use of the media.
media criticism:
The analysis used to assess the effects of media on individuals, on societies and on cultures.
Fourth Estate:
The press as an unofficial fourth branch of government.
media:
Plural of medium.
mass communication:
Mediated messages transmitted to large, widespread audiences.
inverted pyramid style:
Places the most important information at the beginning of the story.
horizontal integration:
Corporate growth through the acquisition of different types of businesses.
group ownership:
The acquisition of the same type of business in more than one market area by one company.
gatekeepers:
Those who determine what messages will be delivered to media consumers.
agenda-setting theory:
Theory that predicts that the amount of attention given to an issue in the media affects the level of importance assigned to it by the public.
applied research:
Media investigations devoted to practical and commercial purposes.
bullet theory:
Implies that media effects flow directly from the media to an individual.
catharsis theory:
The idea that viewing violence actually reduces violent behavior.
content analysis:
Systematically observing and measuring media subject matter.
correlation:
Two related things that occur at the same time.
cultivation theory:
Theory that says the media shape how people view the world.
cultural studies:
Studies based on observations of, and thinking about, both media and society.
cumulative-effects theory:
Theory that says the media have profound effects over time through redundancy.
desensitization:
A process by which audience members become insensitive to real acts of violence.
diffusion of innovations theory:
Theory that says different types of people will adopt new ideas at different times.
flow theories:
Explanations of the way effects travel from the mass media to their audiences.
gender studies:
Studies that look at how the media deal with male and female roles.
individual differences theory:
Theory that predicts that people with different characteristics will be affected in different ways by the mass media.
laboratory experiment:
Scientific method of isolating and observing variables in a controlled environment.
media ecology:
A school of thought that suggests that media make up an environment for humans.
minimal-effects model:
Model that predicts that media will have little influence on behavior.
mixed-effects model:
Model that predicts that media can have a combination of influences.
modeling:
The imitation of behavior from media.
multistep flow:
A complex interaction of media effects.
opinion leaders:
Well-informed people who help others interpret media messages.
political/economic analysis:
Theory that predicts that a culture’s exchange system will influence its values.
powerful-effects model:
Model that predicts that media will have swift and potent influence.
propaganda:
Information that is spread for the purpose of promoting a doctrine or cause.
random sampling:
Method that ensures that every member of the population being studied has an equal chance of being chosen.
selective exposure:
Process by which people seek out messages that are consistent with their attitudes.
selective perception:
Process by which people with different attitudes interpret the same messages differently.
selective retention:
Process by which people with different views remember the same event differently.
social learning theory:
Theory that says people learn by observing others.
socialization:
Learning the expectations, norms, and values of society.
survey method:
Research method that relies on questionnaires to collect research data.
theory:
A set of related statements that seek to explain and predict behavior.
third person effect:
The belief that media affects other people more than oneself.
two-step flow:
Theory that implies that media effects travel through opinion leaders.
uses and gratifications theory:
Theory that looks at the ways media consumers choose media to meet their needs.
acquisition editors:
Those who obtain the books to be published.
illiterates:
Those who can’t read.
aliterates:
Those who are able to read but do not.
audiobook:
Books recorded on tape or some other medium, for listening
bibliophiles:
Book lovers; heavy readers.
blockbuster
Any type of huge events, especially in terms of media products.
blurb:
Brief, laudatory comments sometimes placed on the cover of a book.
casual readers:
Those who enjoy reading but only find the time to read a few books a year.
chapbook:
Inexpensive early form of paperback containing mostly stories to be read for pleasure.
codex:
The first book to resemble today’s familiar form.
copy editor:
One who provides last-minute polishing and prepares a manuscript for typesetting.
developmental editor:
One who works directly with the author during the writing of a book.
dime novels:
Inexpensive fiction, popular in the 1860s, which sold for ten cents.
genre:
Type of story, such as romance or mystery
e-book:
The hardware and software of volumes that exist as digital computer files.
independent bookstores:
Those that are not owned by a chain.
megastores:
Large bookstores that feature around 100,000 book titles, coffee bars, and various activities.
vanity press:
A publisher that requires its authors to pay the full cost of producing their own books.
university press:
A publisher that is affiliated with a college and that publishes mostly academic books, especially original research.
trade paperback:
A quality paperback book with a larger trim size than the standard mass market paperback.
trade book:
General-interest fiction and nonfiction sold to the general public.
technological determinism:
Theory that states that the introduction of new technology changes society, sometimes in unexpected ways.
small press:
Small publishers of serious books, especially poetry and avant-garde fiction.
royalties:
The author’s or owner’s share of the net amount of a work’s revenues.
required readers:
Those who only read what they have to for their job or studies.
rag content:
Proportion of cotton or linen fiber in high-quality paper.
pulp novels:
Paperback books made with cheap paper.
public domain:
Classification of works on which the copyright has expired.
parchment:
Early form of paper made from animal skins.
papyrus:
A type of reed used to make an early form of paper
oral culture:
A culture in which information is transmitted more by speech than by writing.
online publisher:
One that provides “supported self-publishing” through a website.
on spec: On speculation;
in the publishing industry, finishing a work without a contract guaranteeing that it will be bought
midlist authors:
Those who don’t make it to the best-seller lists but still have respectable sales
