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Psych 101 > Test 1 (Units 1-3) > Flashcards

Test 1 (Units 1-3) Flashcards

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1
Q

Define: Behaviourism

A

an approach to psychology that restricts scientific inquiry to observable behaviour

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2
Q

Define: Behavioural Neuroscience

A

the study of the relationship between the brain and behaviour

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3
Q

Define: Case Method

A

a procedure for gathering scientific information by studying a single individual

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4
Q

Define: Central Tendency

A

the value of measurements that tend to lie near the centre or midpoint of the frequency distribution

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5
Q

Define: Cognitive Psychology

A

the study of human information processing

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6
Q

Define: Cognitive Neuroscience

A

the study of the relationship between the brain and the mind

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7
Q

Define: Complexity

A

Humans are very complex and scientists don’t have all the answers

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8
Q

Define: Confidentiality

A

any private or personal information obtained during the study must be kept confidential

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9
Q

Define: Construct Validity

A

the accumulation of evidence to support the operational definition, Ex. The more people smiled the more they reported feeling happy

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10
Q

Define: Correlation

A

variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of the other, ex the # of people who like kitkats is correlated with the # of people who ate them growing up

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11
Q

Define: Correlation Coefficient

A

a mathematical measure of both the direction and strength of a correlation. Represented with r and has a scale of -1 to 1. The closer to one either negative or positive the value is the stronger the correlation.

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12
Q

Define: Cultural Psychology

A

the study of how culture influences mental life

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13
Q

Define: Debriefing

A

a verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study, needed if deception was used

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14
Q

Define Deception

A

psychologists may only use deception when it is justified and no other alternative was feasible

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15
Q

Define: Demand Characteristics

A

Aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave a they think someone else wants them to or expects

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16
Q

Define: Dependent Variable

A

the variable that is measured in an experiment, its value is affected by the independent variable, ex. Time studied affects grades therefore grades are the dependent

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17
Q

Define: Descriptive Statistics

A

a brief summary statement that captures the essential information from a frequency distribution

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18
Q

Define: Developmental Psychology

A

The study of the ways in which psychological processes change over time

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19
Q

Define: Dogmatism

A

the tendency of people to stick to their beliefs & assumptions

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20
Q

Define: Double-blind study

A

a study in which neither observers nor participants know how the participants are meant to behave, used to combat observer bias

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21
Q

Define: Dualism

A

the view that mind and body are separate DUALISM is preferred by modern psychologists

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22
Q

Define: Empiricism (early psych)

A

all knowledge is acquired through experience

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23
Q

Define: Empiricism (scientific method)

A

the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation (backbone of the scientific method)

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24
Q

Define: Empirical Method

A

a set of rules & techniques for observation

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25
Q

Define: Evolutionary Psychology

A

the study of the ways in which the human mind has been shaped by natural selection

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26
Q

Define: Experimentation

A

a technique for establishing the causal relationship between variables

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27
Q

Define: Frequency Distribution

A

a graphic representation showing the number of times in which the measurement of a property takes on each of its possible values

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28
Q

Define: Freedom from Coercion

A

psychologists must not coerce participation

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29
Q

Define: Functionalism

A

emphasized the adaptive significance of mental processes

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30
Q

Define: Gestalt psychology

A

an approach to psychology that emphasized the way in which the mind creates perceptual experience

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31
Q

Define: Hypothesis

A

a falsifiable prediction made by a theory (falsifiable - can be proven incorrect)

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32
Q

Define: Hysteria

A

a loss of function that has no obvious physical origin

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33
Q

Define: Idealism

A

Perceptions of the physical world are the brain’s interpretation of info from the sensory organs IDEALISM is preferred by modern psychologists

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34
Q

Define: Independent variables

A

the variable that is manipulated in an experiment, its value affects the dependent variable, ex. Time studied affects grades therefore time studied is independent

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35
Q

Define: Informed Consent

A

a verbal agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail

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36
Q

Define: Internal Validity

A

an attribute of an experiment that allows it to establish causal relationships

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37
Q

Define: Introspection

A

the analysis of subjective experience by trained observers

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38
Q

Define: Manipulation

A

a technique for establishing the causal power of a variable by actively changing its value

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39
Q

Define: Materialism

A

all mental phenomena are reducible to physical phenomena, aka. Mind and body are connected

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40
Q

Define: Mean

A

the average value of all measurements, add all values together and divide by the number of values there were, ex. 2 + 4 + 4 + 8 + 3 = 21, 21/5 = 4.2 is your mean

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41
Q

Define: Median

A

the value that is in the middle, put all numbers in order of lowest to highest and the median will be the middle number, if there are two middle numbers add them together and divide by two, ex. 2, 3, 4, 4, 8, hypothetically if the extra 4 wasn’t there: 3 + 4 = 7, 7/2 = 3.5 is your median

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42
Q

Define: Methods of Explanation

A

allows them to determine why they do it

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43
Q

Define: Methods of Observation

A

allows them to observe what people do

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44
Q

Define: Mode

A

the value of the most frequently observed number, whichever number shows up the most, ex. 4 occurs twice in that data set while all other values occur once therefore it is your mode

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45
Q

Define: Nativism

A

some knowledge is innate - not acquired NATIVISM is preferred by modern psychologists

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46
Q

Define: Natural Correlation

A

the correlations we observe in the world around us that occur naturally, ex. Height and weight

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47
Q

Define: Naturalistic Observation

A

a technique for gathering scientific information by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments

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48
Q

Define: Natural Selection

A

the process by which the specific attributes that promote an organisms survival and reproduction becomes more prevalent in the population overtime.

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49
Q

Define: Negative Correlation

A

when two variables have a “MORE-IS-LESS” relationship, ex. If it’s found that MORE health equals LESS poverty, think of arrows ↑↓

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50
Q

Define: Negatively Skewed

A

the distribution leans more to the right and the “tail” is on the negative side

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51
Q

Define: Normal Distribution

A

a mathematically defined distribution in which the distribution frequency is the highest in the middle and decreases symmetrically on both sides, also known as a bell curve

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52
Q

Define: Observer Bias

A

he tendency for observers expectations to influence both what they believe they observed and what they actually observed

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53
Q

Define: Operational Definition

A

a description of a variable in measurable terms, Ex. Happiness = # of times person smiles

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54
Q

Define: Population

A

a complete collection of people

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55
Q

Define: Positive Correlation

A

when two variables have a “MORE-IS-MORE” relationship, ex. If it’s found that MORE health equals MORE wealth, think of arrows ↑↑

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56
Q

Define: Positively Skewed

A

the distribution leans more to the left and the “tail” is on the positive side

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57
Q

Define: Power

A

a detectors ability to detect the presence of differences or changes in the magnitude of a property

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58
Q

Define: Principle of Reinforcement

A

a principle stating that any behaviour that is rewarded will be repeated and any behaviour that isn’t rewarded won’t be

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59
Q

Define: Privacy and Control

A

a technique that allows people to respond privately (anonymous/non-anonymous questions done alone), or measuring something that cannot be controlled by the participant (ex. Pupil dilation)

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60
Q

Define: Psychology

A

the scientific study of mind and behaviour, in greek psyche is “soul” and logos is “to study”

61
Q

Define: Psychoanalytic Theory

A

A general theory that emphasizes the influence of the unconscious on feelings, thoughts, and behaviours

62
Q

Define: Psychoanalysis

A

A therapy that aims to give people insight into the contents of their unconscious mind

63
Q

Define: Physical Stimuli

A

part of the perceptual experience, however, the whole is more than the sum of its parts

64
Q

Define: Random Assignment

A

a procedure that assigns participants to a condition by chance

65
Q

Define: Random Sampling

A

a technique for selecting participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample

66
Q

Define: Range

A

the value of the largest measurement in a frequency distribution minus the value of the smallest measurement, ex. 2, 3, 4, 4, 8: 8 - 2 = 4 therefore your range is 4

67
Q

Define: Realism

A

perceptions of the physical world are produced entirely by info from the sensory organs

68
Q

Define: Reaction Time

A

amount of time between the onset of a stimulus and a persons response to that stimulus

69
Q

Define: Reduction

A

must use the smallest number of animals necessary

70
Q

Define: Refinement

A

must modify procedures to minimize any discomforts or risks to the animals

71
Q

Define: Reliability

A

a detectors ability to detect the absence of differences or changes in the magnitude of a property

72
Q

Define: Replacement

A

must prove there is no alternative to using an animal

73
Q

Define: Replication

A

an experiment that uses the same procedures as a previous experiment but with a new sample from the same population

74
Q

Define: Risk-benefit analysis

A

participants cannot be asked to accept large risks, ex. Severe pain, psychological trauma

75
Q

Define: Sample

A

a parietal collection of people drawn from a population

76
Q

Define: Self-selection

A

a problem that occurs when anything about a participant determines the participants condition

77
Q

Define: Scientific Method

A

a procedure for using empirical evidence to establish facts

78
Q

Define: Social Psychology

A

the study of the causes and consequences of sociality

79
Q

Define: Standard Deviation

A

describes how each of the measurements in a frequency distribution differs from the mean, this is much more complicated to calculate

80
Q

Define: Structuralism

A

an approach to psychology that isolates and analyzes the minds basic elements

81
Q

Define: Theories

A

hypothetical explanations of natural phenomena

82
Q

Define: Third-variable problem

A

he natural correlation between two variables cannot be taken as evidence of the causal relationship between them because a third variable might be causing them both, ex. It was found polio and ice cream sales were correlated but they didn’t the third variable of the increase in temperature impacted ice cream sales

83
Q

Define: Type I Error

A

when researchers conclude that there is a relationship between two variables when in fact there is not

84
Q

Define: Type II Error

A

when researchers conclude that there is not a relationship between two variables when in fact there is, aka. False negative

85
Q

Define: Unawareness

A

not telling the participants the reason for the experiment or the true reason

86
Q

Define: Unconscious

A

The part of the mind that contains info of which people are not aware

87
Q

Define: Variability (humans)

A

No two humans think, act, or are the same

88
Q

Define: Variability (stats)

A

the extent to which the measurements in a frequency distribution differ from each other

89
Q

Define: Variables

A

properties that can take on any value, aka. The things you are measuring, ex, # of people who like kitkats is a variable that can take on any possible value 2, 10, 14,000, etc.

90
Q

What is Control Vaginal Radioactivity?

A

The three things that make it hard for humans to be studied complexity, variability, reactivity

91
Q

What is MOO said MOE?

A

the two methods to save the human variability problem Methods of Observation and Methods of Explanation

92
Q

It was found that the more a person sleeps the more energy they have in the day, what kind of correlation is this?

A

Positive Correlation

93
Q

It was found that the more a person sleeps the less tired they are in a day, what kind of correlation is this?

A

Negative Correlation

94
Q

A theory can be proven wrong but cannot be proven right, true or false?

A

true

95
Q

A researcher took 10 women from a class and studied them, is this a population or a sample?

A

sample

96
Q

A researcher took every woman in the class and studied them, is this a population or a sample?

A

population

97
Q

The mean, median, and mode of a distribution are all the same, what does this say about the distribution?

A

its normal

98
Q

A frequency distribution leans more to the right, what kind of distribution is this?

A

negatively skewed

99
Q

A frequency distribution leans more to the left, what kind of distribution is this?

A

positively skewed

100
Q

What is the median of this data set and why? 3, 5, 6, 7, 8

A

6 because it’s the value in the middle

101
Q

What is the mode of this data set and why? 3, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9

A

3 because it appears most frequently

102
Q

The correlation coefficient for one data set is -0.67 the correlation coefficient for another data set is 0.67, which is stronger?

A

they are both equally as strong

103
Q

Does correlation equal causation?

A

no

104
Q

Researches found that ice cream sales and drowning cases were positively correlated, as a result they banned ice cream and resigned life guards as there would be no need for them any more, drowning cases went up. What did the researchers ignore?

A

Researches found that ice cream sales and drowning cases were positively correlated, as a result they banned ice cream and resigned life guards as there would be no need for them any more, drowning cases went up. What did the researchers ignore?

105
Q

Researchers want to know if type of music listened to while studying impacts grade score. In this case, what is the independent and dependent variable?

A

Independent - type of music
Dependent - grade score

106
Q

A researcher wants to study if bashing someones hand with a hammer will impact their ability to read, is this study ethical? Why or why not?

A

No, it violates the protection from harm rule

107
Q

What is psychology in Greek?

A

Psyche - soul
Logos - to study

108
Q

What are the highly effective ways of studying?

A

practice testing and distributed practice

109
Q

Dualism vs. Materialism, which is preferred by modern psychologists?

A

Dualism

110
Q

Realism vs. Idealism, which is preferred by modern psychologists?

A

Idealism

111
Q

What are the moderately effective ways of studying?

A

elaborative interrogation, self explanation, and interleaved practice

112
Q

Empiricism vs. Nativism, which is preferred by modern psychologists

A

Nativism

113
Q

What are the least effective ways of studying?

A

Summarization, highlighting, re-reading, underlining, imagery for text

114
Q

Define distributed practice

A

Spreading out study activities so that more time intervenes between repetitions of the information to be learned.

115
Q

When was Structuralism popular?

A

The 1800s

116
Q

Define interleaved practice

A

A practice schedule that mixes different kinds of problems or materials within a single study session

117
Q

Define JOL (judgements of learning)

A

the act of judging which materials or subjects one needs to spend more time studying as opposed to the other subject. Derives from overconfidence and a false sense of familiarity

118
Q

What did Sigmund Freud do?

A

Developed the psychoanalytic theory and psychoanalysis

119
Q

What did John Watson do?

A

Developed behaviourism

120
Q

what are the 6 tips for studying?

A

Rehearse, interpret, organize, test, space, sleep

121
Q

Who founded psychology?

A

William James

122
Q

Explain why distributed practice and practice testing are effective study techniques

A

Distributed practice allows for your brain to take breaks and retain the information. Practice testing allows for your brain to recall information - the harder it is, the more likely you are to remember it.

123
Q

Describe how judgements of learning (JOL’s) impact learning

A

People typically spend more time studying idens that they judge they have not learned well. You may read and read a chapter and feel confident about it, convincing yourself that you know it, however you still perform poorly on the exam. JOL can be misleading.

124
Q

Why does a difficult practice test have the greatest benefit?

A

Actively retrieving an item from memory improves the retention of said information

125
Q

Two monkeys fight for survival, one is taller and can reach food easier, the other is shorter and cannot, the short one dies, what is this an example of?

A

Natural Selection

126
Q

The philosophical idea that all mental processes in the mind are reducible to physical processes in the brain known as…

A

philosophical materialism

127
Q

the idea that complex mental phenomena like conscious awareness can be understood by breaking them down into elemental parts and studying them is called…

A

structuralism

128
Q

who most influenced functionalism?

A

Darwin

129
Q

Psychoanalysis is meant to help people do what?

A

attain insight into their unconscious minds

130
Q

What did john watson think about behaviourism?

A

it would make psychology an objective science.

131
Q

B.F skinners principle of reinforcement explains…

A

how behaviour is shaped by its consequences

132
Q

the american psychologists who resisted behaviourism behaviourism in the early 1900s were…

A

social psychologists

133
Q

the cognitive revolution was made possible by…

A

the invention of the digital computer

134
Q

john garcias experiments showing that rats quickly learn to associate nausea with the taste of food were important because…

A

it helped bring about evolutionary psychology.

135
Q

2 new areas of psychology that emerged in the 21st century are…

A

behavioural neuroscience and cultural psychology

136
Q

the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation is the definition of

A

empiricism

137
Q

what is the best definition of a hypothesis?

A

a falsifiable prediction

138
Q

if a detector is used to measure the same property twice but produces different measurements, then it lacks…

A

reliability

139
Q

aspects of an oberservational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone wants or expects them to are called

A

demand characteristics

140
Q

which of the following describes the average value of all the measurements in a particular distribution?

A

mean

141
Q

what does the sign of r (the correlation coefficient) show?

A

the direction of a correlation

142
Q

when two variables are correlated, what keeps us from concluding that one is the cause and the other is the effect?

A

the third-variable problem

143
Q

an experiment that defines variables as they are defined in the real world is…

A

externally valid

144
Q

when people find evidence that confirms their beliefs, they often…

A

stop looking

145
Q

A psychologists suggests their patient may have unconscious feelings that are causing their behaviours, what theory is the psychologist using?

A

Psychoanalytic theory

146
Q

Two rats go through a maze, half of the ones who complete the maze get rewarded, half don’t, the half that were rewarded continue to complete the maze while the half who didn’t get rewarded stop doing the maze, what is this an example of?

A

Principal of Reinforcement

147
Q

Finish the sentence: the mind is what the brain ______

A

does

148
Q

What are the 6 tips for studying?

A

Rehearse, Interpret, Organize, Test, Space, Sleep

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