Test 1 (Units 1-3) Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
Define: Behaviourism
A
an approach to psychology that restricts scientific inquiry to observable behaviour
2
Q
Define: Behavioural Neuroscience
A
the study of the relationship between the brain and behaviour
3
Q
Define: Case Method
A
a procedure for gathering scientific information by studying a single individual
4
Q
Define: Central Tendency
A
the value of measurements that tend to lie near the centre or midpoint of the frequency distribution
5
Q
Define: Cognitive Psychology
A
the study of human information processing
6
Q
Define: Cognitive Neuroscience
A
the study of the relationship between the brain and the mind
7
Q
Define: Complexity
A
Humans are very complex and scientists don’t have all the answers
8
Q
Define: Confidentiality
A
any private or personal information obtained during the study must be kept confidential
9
Q
Define: Construct Validity
A
the accumulation of evidence to support the operational definition, Ex. The more people smiled the more they reported feeling happy
10
Q
Define: Correlation
A
variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of the other, ex the # of people who like kitkats is correlated with the # of people who ate them growing up
11
Q
Define: Correlation Coefficient
A
a mathematical measure of both the direction and strength of a correlation. Represented with r and has a scale of -1 to 1. The closer to one either negative or positive the value is the stronger the correlation.
12
Q
Define: Cultural Psychology
A
the study of how culture influences mental life
13
Q
Define: Debriefing
A
a verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study, needed if deception was used
14
Q
Define Deception
A
psychologists may only use deception when it is justified and no other alternative was feasible
15
Q
Define: Demand Characteristics
A
Aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave a they think someone else wants them to or expects
16
Q
Define: Dependent Variable
A
the variable that is measured in an experiment, its value is affected by the independent variable, ex. Time studied affects grades therefore grades are the dependent
17
Q
Define: Descriptive Statistics
A
a brief summary statement that captures the essential information from a frequency distribution
18
Q
Define: Developmental Psychology
A
The study of the ways in which psychological processes change over time
19
Q
Define: Dogmatism
A
the tendency of people to stick to their beliefs & assumptions
20
Q
Define: Double-blind study
A
a study in which neither observers nor participants know how the participants are meant to behave, used to combat observer bias
21
Q
Define: Dualism
A
the view that mind and body are separate DUALISM is preferred by modern psychologists
22
Q
Define: Empiricism (early psych)
A
all knowledge is acquired through experience
23
Q
Define: Empiricism (scientific method)
A
the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation (backbone of the scientific method)
24
Q
Define: Empirical Method
A
a set of rules & techniques for observation
25
Define: Evolutionary Psychology
the study of the ways in which the human mind has been shaped by natural selection
26
Define: Experimentation
a technique for establishing the causal relationship between variables
27
Define: Frequency Distribution
a graphic representation showing the number of times in which the measurement of a property takes on each of its possible values
28
Define: Freedom from Coercion
psychologists must not coerce participation
29
Define: Functionalism
emphasized the adaptive significance of mental processes
30
Define: Gestalt psychology
an approach to psychology that emphasized the way in which the mind creates perceptual experience
31
Define: Hypothesis
a falsifiable prediction made by a theory (falsifiable - can be proven incorrect)
32
Define: Hysteria
a loss of function that has no obvious physical origin
33
Define: Idealism
Perceptions of the physical world are the brain's interpretation of info from the sensory organs IDEALISM is preferred by modern psychologists
34
Define: Independent variables
the variable that is manipulated in an experiment, its value affects the dependent variable, ex. Time studied affects grades therefore time studied is independent
35
Define: Informed Consent
a verbal agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail
36
Define: Internal Validity
an attribute of an experiment that allows it to establish causal relationships
37
Define: Introspection
the analysis of subjective experience by trained observers
38
Define: Manipulation
a technique for establishing the causal power of a variable by actively changing its value
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Define: Materialism
all mental phenomena are reducible to physical phenomena, aka. Mind and body are connected
40
Define: Mean
the average value of all measurements, add all values together and divide by the number of values there were, ex. 2 + 4 + 4 + 8 + 3 = 21, 21/5 = 4.2 is your mean
41
Define: Median
the value that is in the middle, put all numbers in order of lowest to highest and the median will be the middle number, if there are two middle numbers add them together and divide by two, ex. 2, 3, 4, 4, 8, hypothetically if the extra 4 wasn't there: 3 + 4 = 7, 7/2 = 3.5 is your median
42
Define: Methods of Explanation
allows them to determine why they do it
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Define: Methods of Observation
allows them to observe what people do
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Define: Mode
the value of the most frequently observed number, whichever number shows up the most, ex. 4 occurs twice in that data set while all other values occur once therefore it is your mode
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Define: Nativism
some knowledge is innate - not acquired NATIVISM is preferred by modern psychologists
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Define: Natural Correlation
the correlations we observe in the world around us that occur naturally, ex. Height and weight
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Define: Naturalistic Observation
a technique for gathering scientific information by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments
48
Define: Natural Selection
the process by which the specific attributes that promote an organisms survival and reproduction becomes more prevalent in the population overtime.
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Define: Negative Correlation
when two variables have a “MORE-IS-LESS” relationship, ex. If it’s found that MORE health equals LESS poverty, think of arrows ↑↓
50
Define: Negatively Skewed
the distribution leans more to the right and the “tail” is on the negative side
51
Define: Normal Distribution
a mathematically defined distribution in which the distribution frequency is the highest in the middle and decreases symmetrically on both sides, also known as a bell curve
52
Define: Observer Bias
he tendency for observers expectations to influence both what they believe they observed and what they actually observed
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Define: Operational Definition
a description of a variable in measurable terms, Ex. Happiness = # of times person smiles
54
Define: Population
a complete collection of people
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Define: Positive Correlation
when two variables have a “MORE-IS-MORE” relationship, ex. If it’s found that MORE health equals MORE wealth, think of arrows ↑↑
56
Define: Positively Skewed
the distribution leans more to the left and the “tail” is on the positive side
57
Define: Power
a detectors ability to detect the presence of differences or changes in the magnitude of a property
58
Define: Principle of Reinforcement
a principle stating that any behaviour that is rewarded will be repeated and any behaviour that isn't rewarded won't be
59
Define: Privacy and Control
a technique that allows people to respond privately (anonymous/non-anonymous questions done alone), or measuring something that cannot be controlled by the participant (ex. Pupil dilation)
60
Define: Psychology
the scientific study of mind and behaviour, in greek psyche is “soul” and logos is “to study”
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Define: Psychoanalytic Theory
A general theory that emphasizes the influence of the unconscious on feelings, thoughts, and behaviours
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Define: Psychoanalysis
A therapy that aims to give people insight into the contents of their unconscious mind
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Define: Physical Stimuli
part of the perceptual experience, however, the whole is more than the sum of its parts
64
Define: Random Assignment
a procedure that assigns participants to a condition by chance
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Define: Random Sampling
a technique for selecting participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample
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Define: Range
the value of the largest measurement in a frequency distribution minus the value of the smallest measurement, ex. 2, 3, 4, 4, 8: 8 - 2 = 4 therefore your range is 4
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Define: Realism
perceptions of the physical world are produced entirely by info from the sensory organs
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Define: Reaction Time
amount of time between the onset of a stimulus and a persons response to that stimulus
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Define: Reduction
must use the smallest number of animals necessary
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Define: Refinement
must modify procedures to minimize any discomforts or risks to the animals
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Define: Reliability
a detectors ability to detect the absence of differences or changes in the magnitude of a property
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Define: Replacement
must prove there is no alternative to using an animal
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Define: Replication
an experiment that uses the same procedures as a previous experiment but with a new sample from the same population
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Define: Risk-benefit analysis
participants cannot be asked to accept large risks, ex. Severe pain, psychological trauma
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Define: Sample
a parietal collection of people drawn from a population
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Define: Self-selection
a problem that occurs when anything about a participant determines the participants condition
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Define: Scientific Method
a procedure for using empirical evidence to establish facts
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Define: Social Psychology
the study of the causes and consequences of sociality
79
Define: Standard Deviation
describes how each of the measurements in a frequency distribution differs from the mean, this is much more complicated to calculate
80
Define: Structuralism
an approach to psychology that isolates and analyzes the minds basic elements
81
Define: Theories
hypothetical explanations of natural phenomena
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Define: Third-variable problem
he natural correlation between two variables cannot be taken as evidence of the causal relationship between them because a third variable might be causing them both, ex. It was found polio and ice cream sales were correlated but they didn’t the third variable of the increase in temperature impacted ice cream sales
83
Define: Type I Error
when researchers conclude that there is a relationship between two variables when in fact there is not
84
Define: Type II Error
when researchers conclude that there is not a relationship between two variables when in fact there is, aka. False negative
85
Define: Unawareness
not telling the participants the reason for the experiment or the true reason
86
Define: Unconscious
The part of the mind that contains info of which people are not aware
87
Define: Variability (humans)
No two humans think, act, or are the same
88
Define: Variability (stats)
the extent to which the measurements in a frequency distribution differ from each other
89
Define: Variables
properties that can take on any value, aka. The things you are measuring, ex, # of people who like kitkats is a variable that can take on any possible value 2, 10, 14,000, etc.
90
What is Control Vaginal Radioactivity?
The three things that make it hard for humans to be studied complexity, variability, reactivity
91
What is MOO said MOE?
the two methods to save the human variability problem Methods of Observation and Methods of Explanation
92
It was found that the more a person sleeps the more energy they have in the day, what kind of correlation is this?
Positive Correlation
93
It was found that the more a person sleeps the less tired they are in a day, what kind of correlation is this?
Negative Correlation
94
A theory can be proven wrong but cannot be proven right, true or false?
true
95
A researcher took 10 women from a class and studied them, is this a population or a sample?
sample
96
A researcher took every woman in the class and studied them, is this a population or a sample?
population
97
The mean, median, and mode of a distribution are all the same, what does this say about the distribution?
its normal
98
A frequency distribution leans more to the right, what kind of distribution is this?
negatively skewed
99
A frequency distribution leans more to the left, what kind of distribution is this?
positively skewed
100
What is the median of this data set and why? 3, 5, 6, 7, 8
6 because it's the value in the middle
101
What is the mode of this data set and why? 3, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9
3 because it appears most frequently
102
The correlation coefficient for one data set is -0.67 the correlation coefficient for another data set is 0.67, which is stronger?
they are both equally as strong
103
Does correlation equal causation?
no
104
Researches found that ice cream sales and drowning cases were positively correlated, as a result they banned ice cream and resigned life guards as there would be no need for them any more, drowning cases went up. What did the researchers ignore?
Researches found that ice cream sales and drowning cases were positively correlated, as a result they banned ice cream and resigned life guards as there would be no need for them any more, drowning cases went up. What did the researchers ignore?
105
Researchers want to know if type of music listened to while studying impacts grade score. In this case, what is the independent and dependent variable?
Independent - type of music
Dependent - grade score
106
A researcher wants to study if bashing someones hand with a hammer will impact their ability to read, is this study ethical? Why or why not?
No, it violates the protection from harm rule
107
What is psychology in Greek?
Psyche - soul
Logos - to study
108
What are the highly effective ways of studying?
practice testing and distributed practice
109
Dualism vs. Materialism, which is preferred by modern psychologists?
Dualism
110
Realism vs. Idealism, which is preferred by modern psychologists?
Idealism
111
What are the moderately effective ways of studying?
elaborative interrogation, self explanation, and interleaved practice
112
Empiricism vs. Nativism, which is preferred by modern psychologists
Nativism
113
What are the least effective ways of studying?
Summarization, highlighting, re-reading, underlining, imagery for text
114
Define distributed practice
Spreading out study activities so that more time intervenes between repetitions of the information to be learned.
115
When was Structuralism popular?
The 1800s
116
Define interleaved practice
A practice schedule that mixes different kinds of problems or materials within a single study session
117
Define JOL (judgements of learning)
the act of judging which materials or subjects one needs to spend more time studying as opposed to the other subject. Derives from overconfidence and a false sense of familiarity
118
What did Sigmund Freud do?
Developed the psychoanalytic theory and psychoanalysis
119
What did John Watson do?
Developed behaviourism
120
what are the 6 tips for studying?
Rehearse, interpret, organize, test, space, sleep
121
Who founded psychology?
William James
122
Explain why distributed practice and practice testing are effective study techniques
Distributed practice allows for your brain to take breaks and retain the information. Practice testing allows for your brain to recall information - the harder it is, the more likely you are to remember it.
123
Describe how judgements of learning (JOL’s) impact learning
People typically spend more time studying idens that they judge they have not learned well. You may read and read a chapter and feel confident about it, convincing yourself that you know it, however you still perform poorly on the exam. JOL can be misleading.
124
Why does a difficult practice test have the greatest benefit?
Actively retrieving an item from memory improves the retention of said information
125
Two monkeys fight for survival, one is taller and can reach food easier, the other is shorter and cannot, the short one dies, what is this an example of?
Natural Selection
126
The philosophical idea that all mental processes in the mind are reducible to physical processes in the brain known as...
philosophical materialism
127
the idea that complex mental phenomena like conscious awareness can be understood by breaking them down into elemental parts and studying them is called...
structuralism
128
who most influenced functionalism?
Darwin
129
Psychoanalysis is meant to help people do what?
attain insight into their unconscious minds
130
What did john watson think about behaviourism?
it would make psychology an objective science.
131
B.F skinners principle of reinforcement explains...
how behaviour is shaped by its consequences
132
the american psychologists who resisted behaviourism behaviourism in the early 1900s were...
social psychologists
133
the cognitive revolution was made possible by...
the invention of the digital computer
134
john garcias experiments showing that rats quickly learn to associate nausea with the taste of food were important because...
it helped bring about evolutionary psychology.
135
2 new areas of psychology that emerged in the 21st century are...
behavioural neuroscience and cultural psychology
136
the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation is the definition of
empiricism
137
what is the best definition of a hypothesis?
a falsifiable prediction
138
if a detector is used to measure the same property twice but produces different measurements, then it lacks...
reliability
139
aspects of an oberservational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone wants or expects them to are called
demand characteristics
140
which of the following describes the average value of all the measurements in a particular distribution?
mean
141
what does the sign of r (the correlation coefficient) show?
the direction of a correlation
142
when two variables are correlated, what keeps us from concluding that one is the cause and the other is the effect?
the third-variable problem
143
an experiment that defines variables as they are defined in the real world is...
externally valid
144
when people find evidence that confirms their beliefs, they often...
stop looking
145
A psychologists suggests their patient may have unconscious feelings that are causing their behaviours, what theory is the psychologist using?
Psychoanalytic theory
146
Two rats go through a maze, half of the ones who complete the maze get rewarded, half don't, the half that were rewarded continue to complete the maze while the half who didn't get rewarded stop doing the maze, what is this an example of?
Principal of Reinforcement
147
Finish the sentence: the mind is what the brain ______
does
148
What are the 6 tips for studying?
Rehearse, Interpret, Organize, Test, Space, Sleep
