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Psychology terms unit 1 > Test 1 Units 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Test 1 Units 1 & 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is psychology

A

the study of behavior and mental processes

behavior–what you see
mental processes–what you don’t see

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2
Q

psychologists use the scientific study to what

A

describe, predict, explain

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3
Q

what are the 20 subfields of psychology

A

behavioral neuroscience, experimental psych, cognitive psych, developmental psych, health psych, clinical psych, social psych, cross-cultural psych, evolutionary psych, behavioral genetics, clinical neuropsychology, counseling psych, educational psych, environmental psych,
forensic psych, industrial psych, personality psych, program evaluation, school psych, sport psych

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4
Q

behavioral neuroscience

A

study of how genetics effects behavior

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5
Q

experimental psych

A

study of how people sense, perceive, learn, and think about the world

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6
Q

developmental psych

A

study of how people change from conception to death

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7
Q

cognitive psych

A

study of mental processes in the brain

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8
Q

health psych

A

study of how psychological factors effect physical issues or disease

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9
Q

clinical psych

A

study of psychological disorders and treating them

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10
Q

social psych

A

study of how peoples thoughts, feelings, and actions affect them

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11
Q

cross-cultural psych

A

study of differences and similarities in different cultures and ethnic groups

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12
Q

evolutionary psych

A

***newer

study of behavior effected by our ancestors and genetics

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13
Q

behavioral genetics

A

***newer

study of traits inherited related to behavior

*extra info
some reasearchers believe that some traits are connected by genetic factors

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14
Q

clinical neuropsychology

A

***newer

study of biological factors and psychological disorders

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15
Q

counseling psych

A

not in notes

study of educational, social, and career adjustments

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16
Q

educational psych

A

not in notes

study of teaching and learning processes

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17
Q

environmental psych

A

not in notes

study of the relationship between people and their environment

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18
Q

forensic psych

A

not in notes

study of memory
* determining the truth with witness memories

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19
Q

industrial psych

A

not in notes

study of the impact of a workspace

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20
Q

personality psych

A

not in notes

study of the CONSISTANCY of a persons behavior

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21
Q

program evaluation

A

not in notes

assess weather a program meats their goals

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22
Q

school psych

A

not in notes

study of younger kids with academic or emotional problems

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23
Q

sport psych

A

not in notes

study of athletic activity and exercising

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24
Q

what diversity is there in the psychology field

A

2x as many women as men &
16% from racial minority

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25
Q

psychologists vs psychiatrists

A

psychologists: minimum masters degrees, employed in variety of settings

Psychiatrists: All have doctoral degrees, diagnose and treat psychological disorders, can prescribe drugs

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26
Q

when/where was psychology born

A

1879 in Leipzig, Germany

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27
Q

who founded the first laboratory

A

Wilhelm Wundt (father of psychology)

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28
Q

what is structuralism

A

*old school (not past 1900)

uncovering mental components of consciousness, thinking, and other mental activities
(measurement and experimentation)

led by Wilhelm Wundt

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29
Q

what procedure did structuralism use

A

Introspection:
analyzed peoples perception to understand the structure of the mind
how people described things

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30
Q

what is functionalism

A

*old school (not past 1900)

concentrated on what the mind and behavior allows people to adapt to
(applied science)

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31
Q

who was functionalism led by

A

William James

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32
Q

what is gestalt (whole) psychology

A

*used today

focuses on the organization of perception (how we organize sensory info into meaningful wholes)

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33
Q

what men created gestalt psychology

A

M. Wertheimer, K. Koffka, and W. Kohler
“Whole is greater than the sum of the parts”

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34
Q

what does neuroscience perspective mean

A

views behavior through the brain (nervous system) and other biological factors
(studies hereditary and evolutional instincts)

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35
Q

what does psychodynamic perspective mean

A

behavior is motivated by inner unconscious (individual has little control) Sigmund Freud

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36
Q

what does behavioral perspective mean

A

observable and measurable behavior
(studied by John B. Watson-1920s and B.F. Skinner)

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37
Q

john b. watson and b.f. skinner’s belief

A

you can get any desirable outcome by controlling a persons environment
ex. treat for good behavior
(control-reinforcement)

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38
Q

what does cognitive perspective mean

A

focuses on peoples understanding about the world (think, understand, and know)

uses informational processing- how we make decisions

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39
Q

what does humanistic perspective mean

A

belief people can control their behavior and people try to reach full potential

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40
Q

who are carl rodgers and abraham maslow and what did they believe

A

believed humans can freely make decisions- they emphasized how psychology is to enrich peoples lives

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41
Q

what are the controversies

A

*Nature (hereditary) v.s Nurture (environmental)
*conscious v.s conscious cause of behavior
*observable behavior v.s conative (internal) mental process
*free will v.s determination
*individual differences (humanistic) v.v universal differences (gestalt)

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42
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939)

A

first to receive a doctorate

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43
Q

Leta Stetter Hollingworth (1886-1939)

A

first to look at child development and women issues

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44
Q

Mary Cakins (1863-1930)

A

study memory, president of American Psychological Association

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45
Q

Karen Horney (1885-1952)

A

studied social and cultural factors in psych, founder of American journal of psychoanalysis

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46
Q

June Etta Downey (1875-1932)

A

study of personality traits, first head of psych department

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47
Q

Anna Freud (1895-1982)

A

contribution to treatment of abnormal issues

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47
Q

Maire Phipps Clark (1917-1983)

A

learned how kids of color figured out racial differences

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48
Q

what is the scientific method

A

systematic approach to find knowledge and understanding about behavior

48
Q

what are the 4 steps of the scientific method

A

identify questions-identify problem
formulate an explanation-hypothesis and theory
carry out research to support or refute- experiment (descriptive, experimental, correlation)
communicate the findings (share)

49
Q

what is a theory

A

explanation and predicts of a phenomena of interest

based on literature, research, and general knowledge

50
Q

what is a hypothesis

A

prediction stated in a way to be tested
(operational definition

51
Q

what is descriptive research

A

research to investigate a person or a group’s patterns of behavior

52
Q

what is archival research

A

research with existing data
advantage-inexpensive
disadvantage-not always possible

53
Q

what is naturalistic observation

A

OBSERVING NATURAL behavior
advantage-real everyday life behavior
disadvantage-no control over what happens, can trigger reactive behavior

54
Q

what is survey research

A

representative sample asked prepared questions
advantage-easy to get, useful info
disadvantage-misrepresentation and bias

55
Q

what is a case study

A

intensive investigation of an individual or group
advantage-improved understanding
disadvantage-individuals are unique

56
Q

what is correlation research

A

two sets of variables to see if they are related/associated with each other
doesn’t show causation but shows prediction

57
Q

what is correlation coefficient

A

strength and direction of the relationship
(-1 & +1) closer to one the stronger the relationship

58
Q

what is positive correlation

A

move in same direction (time studying/grades)

59
Q

what is negative correlation

A

move in opposite direction (time playing video games/grades)

60
Q

what is experimental research

A

establishes cause-and-effect relationships

experiment with one changed variable to see the effects

61
Q

what groups are used in a psychological experiment

A

experimental-special treatment and control-no special treatment (used for comparison)

requires living subjects split randomly

62
Q

what is the independent variable

A

the condition manipulated (special treatment)

63
Q

what is the dependent variable

A

effected by the independent, it is measured and expected to change

64
Q

why does research need to be repeated

A

to increase confidence in prior findings

65
Q

what are psychologic ethical procedures

A

protection from harm
privacy
informed consent- voluntary AND they know what the participation will involve
debriefing
(bound to prevent discomfort, illness, and pain to promote well-being)

66
Q

why do psychologists use animals

A

can learn effects more quickly, greater experimental control, and provides beneficial info to humans

67
Q

what is experimental bias

A

factors that change how the independent variable affects the dependent variable

68
Q

how to psychologist avoid experimental bias

A

placebo effect, and double blind procedure (neither knows who is getting the the true drug or the placebo) deception is sometimes necessary

69
Q

what are neurons

A

nerve cells, basic element of nervous system

1 trillion involved in the control of behavior, ability to communicate

70
Q

what is the cell body (soma)

A

contains nucleus and keeps cell alive and functioning

71
Q

what are dendrites

A

fibers that receive messages from other neurons

72
Q

what is the axon

A

extensions that carries messages to other neurons

73
Q

what is the myelin sheath

A

a tubelike protective layer of fat and protein around the axon, speeds the message up

74
Q

what are terminal buttons/axon terminals

A

bubbles at the end of neurons (neuron transmitters) and sends messages

75
Q

how do neurons communicate

A

neural impulses at varied speeds

76
Q

what is the all-or-non-law

A

messages either fire or don’t

77
Q

how is a neuron triggered

A

its in a resting state with a negative charge (-70 millivolts) and then triggered by a positive charge

78
Q

what is an axon potential

A

when the positive charge enters through the membrane causing the charge to change and triggering an impulse to travel down the axon

79
Q

what is an electromagnetic process

A

action potential uses both electrical and chemical prosperities

80
Q

what are mirror neurons

A

specialized neurons that respond when they see someone doing something

explain how and why humans understand intentions and can predict behavior

81
Q

what is the synapse

A

space between two neurons where the axon buttons communicate with the dendrites

82
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers received at the dendrites of the receiving neurons,

delivers excitatory (likely to fire) or inhibitory (less likely to fire)

83
Q

what happens to the neurotransmitter after its done its job

A

the terminal buttons reabsorb them- reuptake

84
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the nervous system

A

central nervous system
peripheral nervous system

85
Q

what is the central nervous system

A

made of the brain and spinal cord

86
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system

A

made of a network of nerves

connects back to the central nervous system

87
Q

the peripheral nervous system is made of two divisions, the somatic and autonomic divisions, what’s the difference

A

somatic-regulates voluntary movements with sense organs
autonomic-regulate involuntary actions that keeps you alive (two more divisions sympathetic and parasympathetic)

88
Q

what is the difference between the sympathetic and para sympathetic divisions

A

sympathetic-regulates fight or flight
parasympathetic-brings body back to calm state

89
Q

what is a spinal reflex

A

connected to central nervous system, automatic involuntary response, controlled by the spinal cord without the brain

90
Q

difference between the prefixes Psy and Phy

A

psy- of the mind
phy-of the body

91
Q

what are the 3 kinds of neurons involved with reflexes

A

sensory (afferent)
motor (efferent)
interneurons

92
Q

what is function of the 3 different types of neurons

A

sensory- transmits outside body info
motor-communicates how to move to muscles and glands
interneurons-connects the information between sensory and motor

93
Q

what is the endocrine system

A

communication through gland network via hormones and bloodstream

94
Q

what are hormones

A

they circulate through the blood and regulate the growth of the body

95
Q

what is the master gland

A

pituitary gland (balls of the brain)

96
Q

what is gene therapy

A

injecting genes into the bloodstream to hopefully produce chemicals to cure diseases

97
Q

what is the function of the central core of our brain

A

control basics like breathing eating and sleeping

98
Q

where is the hindbrain located

A

back of the brain

99
Q

what is the medulla

A

breathing and heartbeat

*hindbrain

100
Q

what are pons

A

combine movement between left and right side of the body, regulates sleep

*hindbrain

101
Q

what is the cerebellum

A

bodily balance (gracefulness)

*hindbrain

102
Q

wheer is the midbrain located

A

middle of the brain

103
Q

where is the forebrain located

A

front of the brain

104
Q

what is reticular formation

A

activates parts of the brain to have a heightened sense of awareness
effects sleep-wake cycle

105
Q

what is the thalamus

A

station for sensory information

*forebrain

106
Q

what is the hypothalamus

A

under thalamus, maintains homeostasis, regulates survival behavior

107
Q

what is the limbic system

A

controls basic functions like emotion (amygdala), learning, memory (hippocampus), pleasure, and self-preservation

108
Q

what is the cerebral cortex

A

the 4 lobes of the brain,

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital

109
Q

what is the frontal lobe

A

body’s voluntary actions
personality and emotion

110
Q

what is the parietal lobe

A

perception and sensory experiences

111
Q

what is the temporal lobe

A

hearing and speaking

112
Q

what is the occipital lobe

A

processes visual information

113
Q

what are association areas in the brain

A

mental processes with thinking, speech, language, and memory

114
Q

what is neuroplasticity

A

the brain changing and learning new information, neurons form new interconnections and reorganize the information

115
Q

what are the 2 hemispheres in the brain

A

right and left (both control motion and sensation in that side of the body)

116
Q

what is laterization

A

dominance of one hemisphere over another

117
Q

what does the left hemisphere specialize in

A

sequentially (logic and reasoning)
*math

118
Q

what does the right hemisphere specialize in

A

spatial reasoning (memory and awareness)
*art

Psychology terms unit 1 (1 decks)

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