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Natural History Of Invertebrates > Test 1 TERMS > Flashcards

Test 1 TERMS Flashcards

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1
Q

Monophyletic

A

ALL descendants came from one common ancestor (clade)

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2
Q

Paraphyletic

A

does not include all the descendants of most recent common ancestor

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3
Q

Polyphyletic

A

does not share an immediate ancestor

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4
Q

Apomorphy

A

derived character

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5
Q

Plesiomorphy

A

ancestral character

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6
Q

Symplesiomorphy

A

shared ancestral character

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7
Q

Synapomorphy

A

shared derived character

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8
Q

Evolutionary Systematics

A

uses phylogenetic relationship and overall similarity to group organisms

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9
Q

Cladistics

A

all members must have shared a common ancestor

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10
Q

Protoplasmic Grade of Body Organization

A

all life functions are carried out inside cell by organelles.
eg. Protozoans

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11
Q

Cellular Grade of Body Organization

A

aggregation of cells that are functionally differentiated; division of labor among cells.
eg. Porifera

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12
Q

Tissue Grade of Body Organization

A

cells of one type function in a unified way
eg. Cnidarians

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13
Q

Lobopodia

A

large, blunt extensions of the cell body containing both endoplasm and ectoplasm

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14
Q

Filopodia

A

slender pointed extensions of body with only ectoplasm

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15
Q

Reticulopodia

A

thin extensions of cytoplasm arranged in a network

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16
Q

Axopodia

A

stiff, needle-like pseudopodia supported by microtubules

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17
Q

Cilia

A

Small, hair-like structures present on surface of cells moves with an effective and recovery stroke motion.

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18
Q

Flagella

A

Hair-like structure used for locomotion moves with an undulation movement

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19
Q

Haploid dominant

A

Majority of an organism’s life cycle is spent in its haploid form (n).

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20
Q

Diploid Dominant

A

Majority of an organism’s life cycle is its diploid form (2n).

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21
Q

Intracellular Digestion

A

Is the breakdown of complex food to simple form inside the cellular cytoplasm. Done by phagocytosis

22
Q

Extracellular digestion

A

Food is broken down outside the cell either mechanically or chemically

23
Q

Parazoa

A

Animals that lack specialized tissue.
Eg. Sponges

24
Q

Eumetazoa

A

Animals with neurons, true tissue organization and embryo development.
Bilaterians and Radiates

25
Q

Mesozoa

A

Parasitic, wormlike, multicellular organisms

26
Q

Ovipary

A

Egg is released into water and fertilization occurs externally

27
Q

Vivipary

A

Embryo’s are released as mature swimming larvae. Fertilization occurs inside.

28
Q

Coenosarcal Colony

A

Zooids arise from a sheet of tissue (Coenosarc)

29
Q

Stolonate Colony

A

Horizontal stem (stolon) gives rise to pulp form

30
Q

Polyp

A

Cylindrical
Orient mouth up
Sedentary

31
Q

Medusa

A

Umbrella shaped
Orient mouth down
Swim by pulsation of umbrella
Tentacles around margin of umbrella

32
Q

Hermatypic Corals

A

Hard coral forming corals

33
Q

Ahermatypic Corals

A

Corals with no zooxanthellae and are non- reef building.

34
Q

Gastrozooid

A

Feeding polyp

35
Q

Gonozooid

A

Reduced tentacles and mouth. Produce medusa like zooids

36
Q

Dactylozooid

A
  • Food catching and protective polyp
  • Lack mouth
  • Contain batteries of nematocysts
37
Q

Hydroid hydrozoan Colony

A

Sessile Colony

38
Q

Siphonophore Hydrozoan Colony

A

Pelagic Colony

39
Q

Choanocytes

A

Specialized cell with a single flagellum surrounded by a net- like collar of microvilli

40
Q

Cnidocytes

A
  • Stinging cells of Cnidarians
  • thread like and toxic
41
Q

Hermaphroditism

A

An organism with both male and female reproductive organs

  • bisexual
  • Monoecious
42
Q

Gonochorism

A

An organism with only one of two reproductive organ.

  • Unisexual
  • Dioecious
43
Q

External fertilization

A

Is fertilization that occurs outside the body of an organism.

44
Q

Internal fertilization

A

Is fertilization that occurs inside the body of an organism.

45
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A
  • Two Latin names given to each organism
  • (generic name and specific name)
46
Q

Polynomial Nomenclature

A

A series of descriptive terms added to the name of the genus of a specie

47
Q

Homologous character

A

Characters in different organisms that are closely related but appear different
- similar in structure and inherited from common ancestors

Eg. Appendages of human, cat, whale & bat } all are mammals

48
Q

Analogous character

A

Characters seen in different species with the same function, same appearance but are not evolved together.

  • NO common ancestor

Eg. Bat wing (mammal)
bird wing (bird)
insect wing (insect)

49
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Organisms not closely related
- have similar appearances because of similar environments

Eg: Shark (Fish)
Ichthyosaur (Reptile)
Dolphin (Mammal )

50
Q

Divergent evolution

A

Related species with dissimilar characteristics and appearances

Natural History Of Invertebrates (2 decks)

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