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MUSCULOSKELETAL > Test #1 Study Guide (A & P, Diagnostics) > Flashcards

Test #1 Study Guide (A & P, Diagnostics) Flashcards

1
Q

What do tendons attach to?

A

attach MUSCLE TO BONE

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2
Q

Where is the meniscus and what is its function?

A

Located - posterior to/BEHIND the KNEE/patella

Function - CUSHION

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3
Q

Where is calcium and phosphorus stored?

A

in the BONES

Bones made up of 98% ca+ and 2% phos.

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4
Q

What is an arthroscopy?

A

Arthroscopy - VISUALIZES internal structure of a joint using an ARTHROSCOPE.
– can assess and repair at the same time.

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5
Q

What is post-op teaching after an arthroscopy?

A
  • ICE, ELEVATE for 24 hours
  • ANALGESICS for pain
  • teach use of CRUTCHES if rx
  • report these s/s - swelling, pain, thrombophlebitis, infection
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6
Q

What complication would you report to the PCP immediately after arthroscopy?

A

PEDAL PULSES <

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7
Q

What is arthrocentesis? Are post-op patients advised to walk?

A

Aspiration of synovial fluid, blood, or pus from a joint cavity.
- can dx inf., inflamm, conditions, and bleeding

POST-OP
*Compression dressing is applied and the JOINT IS RESTED FOR ONE DAY

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8
Q

What are nursing actions for total knee repair?

A
  • Monitor for BLEEDING
  • ICE
  • Monitor PEDAL PULSES
  • Use of CPM Machine
  • Meds as prescribed
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9
Q

What is hematopoiesis? Where does is take place?

A

The MANUFACTURING OF BLOOD CELLS

  • RBC
  • WBC
  • Platelets
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10
Q

What important question must you ask prior to an MRI? Why?

A
  • Do you have a pacemaker or prosthetic implants?

* severe damage or death can result of metallic objects are exposed to the magent fields of an MRI.

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11
Q

Describe normal ROM in joint movement.

A

FLEXION - movement decreasing the angle between two adjoining joints.
EXTENSION - movement increasing the angle between two adjoining joints.

ABDUCTION - movement AWAY from midline of body
ADDUCTION - movement TOWARD midline of body

ROTATION - movement of a bone ROUND LONGITUDINAL AXIS

SUPINATION - movement causing PALM UP
PRONATION - movement causing PALM DOWN

DORSIFLEXION - movement causing the foot to TILT UPWARD
PLANTARFLEXION - movement causing the foot to POINT DOWNWARD

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12
Q

What region is the popliteal joint located?

A

Back of the knee.

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13
Q

Where is synovial fluid located and why do we need it?

A

Located in synovial JOINTS
-Diarthrosis –> free moving joints

Function - LUBRICATION

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14
Q

What sounds does crepitus make?

A

Crackling
Popping
Grinding

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15
Q

No further growth can occur in a bone after what plate closes during late teens/early 20s?

A

EPIPHYSEAL PLATE
- develops across ends of bones

Childhood fx’s can effect growth

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16
Q

What can we do as nurses to prevent contractures in immobile pts?

A

Passive Range of Motion (PROM)

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17
Q

What s/s would you expect to find in a pt scheduled for arthroscopic knee surgery?

A
  • Joint SWELLING, REDNESS, CREPITUS
  • Joint INSTABILITY
  • Injury to the joint to cause above s/s
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18
Q

What complications can take place post-op bone biopsy?

A

HEMATOMA!
- monitor for bleeding

Swelling, infection too.

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19
Q

What post-op assessment/interventions would be included following arthroscopy surgery?

A 
MONITOR:
-CMST
-PEDAL PULSES
NOTIFY PCP OF:
-Swelling, redness
-increased pain
-FEVER
- s/s inf
-thrombophlebitis
20
Q

Why would just getting over bronchial pneumonia or bronchitis cause a surgery to be cancelled?

A

Surgery will never be done if you are sick. – Unless LIFE/DEATH

21
Q

What does the word OMIT mean

A

To leave out, to exclude

22
Q

What is the proper way to position a pt post-hip replacement?

A

PATIENT POSITIONING

-Use an ABDUCTION PILLOW to place between pts legs while in bed

23
Q

What would you tell your pt takes place during a bone can?

A

BONE SCAN - nuclear scanner that identifies new areas of bone growth or breakdown.

  • DYE (radioactive TRACER) injected via IV
  • Gamma camera takes pics of tracer in bones.

CHECK FOR:

  • ALLERGEIS
  • BUN/ CREATININE
  • PUSH FLUIDS to get radioisotopes excreted
  • FLUSH toilet X3
24
Q

When first assessing extremities, why is it important to compare both sides?

A

You are assessing for SYMMETRY.

Each extremity of each side should be symmetrical. If there is asymmetry, that is indicative of a problem.

25
Q

What is a DEXA scan? What areas are usually scanned? What indicated the need for one?

A

Dual Energy Xray Absorbtinometry (DEXA) - performed to estimate the DENSITY OF BONE MASS.

INDICATIONS:
-Osteoperosis
-Postmenoausal
PT PRESENTATION:
-Loss of height
-Bone pain
-Fx's

MOST COMMON AREAS –> Spine, Hips

26
Q

What discharge teaching will you do for your pt post-op total knee replacement?

A

POST-OP TEACHING: TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT

  • Clean with soap and water, MONITOR FOR S/S INF.
  • MONITOR DVT (redness, pain, swelling in calf)
  • DO NOT kneel or bend
27
Q

What is the function of the muscular system?

A

MOVEMENT of the skeleton
Support & maintenance of POSTURE
HEAT generation

28
Q

What is the function of tendons?

A

Tendons CONNECT MUSCLE TO BONE

- lined with synovial membrane to permit smooth, gliding movement

29
Q

What does skeletal muscle look like under a microscope?

A

Heavy STRIATED

30
Q

What is your patient teaching pre and post Gallium scan?

A

GALLIUM SCAN- radioisotope migrates to tissues of brain, breast and liver to detect dz of these organs.

PRE:

  • emphasize PT MUST LAY STILL
  • instruct pt to EMPTY BLADDER
  • ALLERGY to isotopes??

POST:
-INCREASED FLUIDS to excrete radioisotopes

31
Q

What is the purpose of wearing elastic stockings b/l post-op?

A

PREVENTS DVT!

(Circulation)

32
Q

What are ligaments? Where are they located?

A

LIGAMENTS - strong fibrous bands that CONNECT BONE TO BONE

- allow for flexibility, movement, stretching

33
Q

Identify curvatures of the spine

A

SCOLIOSIS - abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

LORDOSIS- exaggeration of lumbar spine (SWAYBACK)

  • common in AGING
  • common in PREGNANCY

KYPHOSIS - HUNCHBACK
- common in AGING

34
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

FRAMEWORK/Support
PROTECTION for delicate body structures
HEMATOPOIESIS -production of blood cells
STROAGE - of Ca+ and Phosphorus

35
Q

Locate the quadriceps femoris and describe their function.

A

Quadriceps are located on the UPPER THIGH.

FUNCTION - helps with movement of the hip area.

36
Q

Where are the radius and ulna located?

A

RADIUS - thumb side
(radial pulse)

ULNA -pinky side

37
Q

Where are the clavicle and scapula located?

A

the CLAVICLE and SCAPULA make up the SHOULDER GIRDLE.

38
Q

What is an electromyogram and why may a pt need one?

A

ELECTROMYOGRAM- done to determine the presence and cause of muscle weakness.
- Thin needle placed in the muscle and attached to an electrode that is attached to an oscilloscope. Electrical activity is recorded.

INDICATIONS:

  • NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS
  • Motor Neuron dz

S/S:
- MUSCLE WEAKNESS

39
Q

What are the s/s of a dislocated bone?

A

DEFORMATION
Severe PAIN
LOSS OF MOTION
Sometimes numbness

40
Q

What is the goal we are trying to obtain by performing ROM with our pts?

A

PREVENT CONTRACTURES

41
Q

What are age related changes that take place in the musculoskeletal system?

A

Bone mass/strength loss –> OSTEOPEROSIS
Loss of calcium –> KYPHOSOS, LORDOSIS, back pain, brittle bones
Vertebral column shortens –> shorter in height
Degeneration of joints –> ARTHRITIS. stiffness, osteosrthropathy

42
Q

What is another name for skeletal muscle?

A

MUSCULOSKELETAL

43
Q

How would you tell your pt to perform a dorsiflexion movement?

A

you would tell the pt to bend their foot so that their TOES ARE POINTED UPWARD

44
Q

What is the difference between osteoperosis and osteoarthritis?

A

OSTERPEROSIS - chronic metabolic bone disorder resulting in LOW BONE DENSITY/BONE LOSS

OSTEOARTHRITIS - degenerative JOINT disease
( “wear and tear” )
-local inflammation, joint only

45
Q

Where is the fibula located?

A

FIBULA - located on the lateral side of lower leg

tibia –> shin bone

46
Q

Muscles involuntary function is to do what?

A

PERISTALSIS, HEART PUMPING

—> keeps is alive!!

47
Q

If a muscle is not used regularly the muscle fibers shortenand become less elastic causing what problem?

A

CONTRACTURES!

MUSCULOSKELETAL (2 decks)

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