Test #1 Study Guide (A & P, Diagnostics) Flashcards
What do tendons attach to?
attach MUSCLE TO BONE
Where is the meniscus and what is its function?
Located - posterior to/BEHIND the KNEE/patella
Function - CUSHION
Where is calcium and phosphorus stored?
in the BONES
Bones made up of 98% ca+ and 2% phos.
What is an arthroscopy?
Arthroscopy - VISUALIZES internal structure of a joint using an ARTHROSCOPE.
– can assess and repair at the same time.
What is post-op teaching after an arthroscopy?
- ICE, ELEVATE for 24 hours
- ANALGESICS for pain
- teach use of CRUTCHES if rx
- report these s/s - swelling, pain, thrombophlebitis, infection
What complication would you report to the PCP immediately after arthroscopy?
PEDAL PULSES <
What is arthrocentesis? Are post-op patients advised to walk?
Aspiration of synovial fluid, blood, or pus from a joint cavity.
- can dx inf., inflamm, conditions, and bleeding
POST-OP
*Compression dressing is applied and the JOINT IS RESTED FOR ONE DAY
What are nursing actions for total knee repair?
- Monitor for BLEEDING
- ICE
- Monitor PEDAL PULSES
- Use of CPM Machine
- Meds as prescribed
What is hematopoiesis? Where does is take place?
The MANUFACTURING OF BLOOD CELLS
- RBC
- WBC
- Platelets
What important question must you ask prior to an MRI? Why?
- Do you have a pacemaker or prosthetic implants?
* severe damage or death can result of metallic objects are exposed to the magent fields of an MRI.
Describe normal ROM in joint movement.
FLEXION - movement decreasing the angle between two adjoining joints.
EXTENSION - movement increasing the angle between two adjoining joints.
ABDUCTION - movement AWAY from midline of body
ADDUCTION - movement TOWARD midline of body
ROTATION - movement of a bone ROUND LONGITUDINAL AXIS
SUPINATION - movement causing PALM UP
PRONATION - movement causing PALM DOWN
DORSIFLEXION - movement causing the foot to TILT UPWARD
PLANTARFLEXION - movement causing the foot to POINT DOWNWARD
What region is the popliteal joint located?
Back of the knee.
Where is synovial fluid located and why do we need it?
Located in synovial JOINTS
-Diarthrosis –> free moving joints
Function - LUBRICATION
What sounds does crepitus make?
Crackling
Popping
Grinding
No further growth can occur in a bone after what plate closes during late teens/early 20s?
EPIPHYSEAL PLATE
- develops across ends of bones
Childhood fx’s can effect growth
What can we do as nurses to prevent contractures in immobile pts?
Passive Range of Motion (PROM)
What s/s would you expect to find in a pt scheduled for arthroscopic knee surgery?
- Joint SWELLING, REDNESS, CREPITUS
- Joint INSTABILITY
- Injury to the joint to cause above s/s
What complications can take place post-op bone biopsy?
HEMATOMA!
- monitor for bleeding
Swelling, infection too.
What post-op assessment/interventions would be included following arthroscopy surgery?
MONITOR: -CMST -PEDAL PULSES NOTIFY PCP OF: -Swelling, redness -increased pain -FEVER - s/s inf -thrombophlebitis
Why would just getting over bronchial pneumonia or bronchitis cause a surgery to be cancelled?
Surgery will never be done if you are sick. – Unless LIFE/DEATH
What does the word OMIT mean
To leave out, to exclude
What is the proper way to position a pt post-hip replacement?
PATIENT POSITIONING
-Use an ABDUCTION PILLOW to place between pts legs while in bed
What would you tell your pt takes place during a bone can?
BONE SCAN - nuclear scanner that identifies new areas of bone growth or breakdown.
- DYE (radioactive TRACER) injected via IV
- Gamma camera takes pics of tracer in bones.
CHECK FOR:
- ALLERGEIS
- BUN/ CREATININE
- PUSH FLUIDS to get radioisotopes excreted
- FLUSH toilet X3
When first assessing extremities, why is it important to compare both sides?
You are assessing for SYMMETRY.
Each extremity of each side should be symmetrical. If there is asymmetry, that is indicative of a problem.
What is a DEXA scan? What areas are usually scanned? What indicated the need for one?
Dual Energy Xray Absorbtinometry (DEXA) - performed to estimate the DENSITY OF BONE MASS.
INDICATIONS: -Osteoperosis -Postmenoausal PT PRESENTATION: -Loss of height -Bone pain -Fx's
MOST COMMON AREAS –> Spine, Hips
What discharge teaching will you do for your pt post-op total knee replacement?
POST-OP TEACHING: TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT
- Clean with soap and water, MONITOR FOR S/S INF.
- MONITOR DVT (redness, pain, swelling in calf)
- DO NOT kneel or bend
What is the function of the muscular system?
MOVEMENT of the skeleton
Support & maintenance of POSTURE
HEAT generation
What is the function of tendons?
Tendons CONNECT MUSCLE TO BONE
- lined with synovial membrane to permit smooth, gliding movement
What does skeletal muscle look like under a microscope?
Heavy STRIATED
What is your patient teaching pre and post Gallium scan?
GALLIUM SCAN- radioisotope migrates to tissues of brain, breast and liver to detect dz of these organs.
PRE:
- emphasize PT MUST LAY STILL
- instruct pt to EMPTY BLADDER
- ALLERGY to isotopes??
POST:
-INCREASED FLUIDS to excrete radioisotopes
What is the purpose of wearing elastic stockings b/l post-op?
PREVENTS DVT!
(Circulation)
What are ligaments? Where are they located?
LIGAMENTS - strong fibrous bands that CONNECT BONE TO BONE
- allow for flexibility, movement, stretching
Identify curvatures of the spine
SCOLIOSIS - abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
LORDOSIS- exaggeration of lumbar spine (SWAYBACK)
- common in AGING
- common in PREGNANCY
KYPHOSIS - HUNCHBACK
- common in AGING
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
FRAMEWORK/Support
PROTECTION for delicate body structures
HEMATOPOIESIS -production of blood cells
STROAGE - of Ca+ and Phosphorus
Locate the quadriceps femoris and describe their function.
Quadriceps are located on the UPPER THIGH.
FUNCTION - helps with movement of the hip area.
Where are the radius and ulna located?
RADIUS - thumb side
(radial pulse)
ULNA -pinky side
Where are the clavicle and scapula located?
the CLAVICLE and SCAPULA make up the SHOULDER GIRDLE.
What is an electromyogram and why may a pt need one?
ELECTROMYOGRAM- done to determine the presence and cause of muscle weakness.
- Thin needle placed in the muscle and attached to an electrode that is attached to an oscilloscope. Electrical activity is recorded.
INDICATIONS:
- NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS
- Motor Neuron dz
S/S:
- MUSCLE WEAKNESS
What are the s/s of a dislocated bone?
DEFORMATION
Severe PAIN
LOSS OF MOTION
Sometimes numbness
What is the goal we are trying to obtain by performing ROM with our pts?
PREVENT CONTRACTURES
What are age related changes that take place in the musculoskeletal system?
Bone mass/strength loss –> OSTEOPEROSIS
Loss of calcium –> KYPHOSOS, LORDOSIS, back pain, brittle bones
Vertebral column shortens –> shorter in height
Degeneration of joints –> ARTHRITIS. stiffness, osteosrthropathy
What is another name for skeletal muscle?
MUSCULOSKELETAL
How would you tell your pt to perform a dorsiflexion movement?
you would tell the pt to bend their foot so that their TOES ARE POINTED UPWARD
What is the difference between osteoperosis and osteoarthritis?
OSTERPEROSIS - chronic metabolic bone disorder resulting in LOW BONE DENSITY/BONE LOSS
OSTEOARTHRITIS - degenerative JOINT disease
( “wear and tear” )
-local inflammation, joint only
Where is the fibula located?
FIBULA - located on the lateral side of lower leg
tibia –> shin bone
Muscles involuntary function is to do what?
PERISTALSIS, HEART PUMPING
—> keeps is alive!!
If a muscle is not used regularly the muscle fibers shortenand become less elastic causing what problem?
CONTRACTURES!
