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IT 377 - Practical Telecommunication Networking > Test 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Test 1 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Define CSMA.

A

CSMA, or Carrier Sense Multiple Access, is a Data Link Layer protocol that forces a sender to listen to its medium to ensure that it is not in use before sending any messages.

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2
Q

Define CSMA/CD.

A

CSMA/CD, or Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection, is a variant of CSMA that

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3
Q

What is an access method?

A

An access method is the method a network uses to control how network nodes access the network to communicate.

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4
Q

What is a network node?

A

A network node is any point on a network where a device is connected, where a signal is redistributed, or an endpoint.

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5
Q

What access method is used by all Ethernet networks, regardless of speed or frame type?

A

All Ethernet networks use CSMA/CD as their access method.

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6
Q

What are the five layers of the five-layer OSI model?

A 
The five layers of the five-layer OSI model are as follows:
Layer 7: Application Layer
Layer 4: Transport Layer
Layer 3: Network/IP Layer
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
Layer 1: Physical Layer
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7
Q

What is a network model?

A

A network model is a method of representing and abstracting network components and their relationships in a networked system.

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8
Q

What is a network?

A

A network is a communication system that allows for information sharing between multiple hosts.

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9
Q

What is an internet?

A

An internet is a network of multiple smaller networks. That is, a wide-area network (WAN) made up of multiple local-area networks (LANs).

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10
Q

What is a LAN?

A

A LAN, or local-area network, is a computer network that interconnects hosts in a limited area (like a home, building, or campus).

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11
Q

What are some of the main characteristics of a LAN?

A

Besides a limited area, some of the main characteristics of a LAN are:

  • High speed of communication (10Mbps - 10Gbps)
  • Very low error rate (the bit error rate is lower than on WAN).
  • Generally do not require the assistance of an ISP to build.
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12
Q

What is metro ethernet?

A

Metro ethernet is a computer network that covers a metropolitan area and is based on the ethernet standard. It is also used by businesses to connect branch offices to the internet.

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13
Q

What is the difference between LAN and Ethernet?

A

LAN is a term for local area network, while Ethernet is the prevailing layer-2 technology for connecting LANs.

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14
Q

How do LANs and IP subnets relate to one another?

A

A LAN can have multiple IP subnets.

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15
Q

What is the difference between a LAN and a VLAN?

A

A LAN is built physically, with subnets created using hardware. a VLAN can create a virtually unlimited number of subnets without any physical changes.

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16
Q

How do LANs and VPNs relate?

A

LANs can be extended by VPNs, which push out the physical boundary of the LAN.

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17
Q

In networking, what’s the difference between End to End (e2e) and Point to Point (p2p)?

A

End to end communication is delivering content from one application to another, point-to-point can be used to describe each “leap” through the network (from host to hub, hub to switch, etc). An end-to-end path consists of several point-to-point links.

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18
Q

How do end-to-end and point-to-point concepts relate to those of the network layer model?

A

End-to-end communications are a layer-3 concept, as it looks at the entire course to determine what the next hop is, point-to-point is a layer-2 concept, guided by layer 3 (e2e), which focuses on building the link to make the hop.

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19
Q

What are the two sub-layers within the data link layer?

A

Within the data link layer, there are the media access control (MAC) layer and the logical link control (LLC) layer. The MAC handles details specific to the technology being used (Ethernet, wireless LAN, token ring, etc), and LLC presents a uniform interface for the network layer to use.

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20
Q

Why is the logical link control layer not used as much?

A

The logical link control layer fell out of function as most of its duties have been moved to layer four, the transport layer.

21
Q

Why has Ethernet been so successful?

A

Ethernet has seen the success that it has thanks to a few factors:

  • Ethernet is easy to understand, implement, maintain, and manage
  • Ethernet is cheap to implement
  • Ethernet has solid performance
  • Ethernet is very flexible, topograpically speaking
  • Comparable and inter-operable with endless products
22
Q

What are some of the basic LAN hardware components?

A

Some of the most basic LAN hardware is:

  • Network cables (L0)
  • Hubs (L1)
  • Switches (L2)
  • Network Interface Cards (L2)
  • Routers (L3)
  • Gateways (L3)
  • End Hosts (L7)
23
Q

What are some of the basic LAN software components?

A

Some of the most basic LAN software is:

  • NIC drivers (L1 & L2)
  • Network Operating Systems (L3 & L4)
  • Network Applications (L7)
24
Q

What can be implied about a network device just from knowing its layer?

A

If we know a device’s layer, we can successfully assume that it can perform the functionalities needed of that layer, as well as the functionalities of all layers below it.

25
Q

How can we determine what layer a network device belongs to?

A

We can determine what layer a network device belongs to by examining what layer of information it needs to function.
For example, a switch requires a MAC address to function (L2), and a router requires IP addresses (L3).

26
Q

Who developed Ethernet, and where?

A

Ethernet was developed by Bob Metcalfe at Xerox Palo Alto.

27
Q

When was CSMA developed, and by whom?

A

CSMA, or Carrier-Sense Multiple Access, was developed by Bob Metcalfe and David Boggs in 1976.

28
Q

Which IEEE projects created what standards?

A

In 1980, IEEE 802 defined LAN standards.
In 1981, IEEE 802.3 standardized the Ethernet protocol
In 1983, IEEE 802.3 standardized 10Base5
In 1985, IEEE 802.3a standardized 10Base2

29
Q

What was/is 10Base5?

A

10Base5, or “Thicknet” or “Thick Ethernet”, was the first commercially available variant of Ethernet. It was so called due to its use of a thick, cabling, similar to coaxial cable.
The “10” of 10Base5 refers to the transmission speed of 10 Mbps, the “Base” refers to the fact that the protocol uses baseband as opposed to broadband, and the “5” refers to the maximum segment length of 500 meters.

30
Q

What was/is 10Base2? Why was it an improvement over 10Base5?

A

10Base2, or “cheapernet”, was a variant of Ethernet made to replace the bulky and expensive 10Base5. It uses a much less expensive and restrictive cable, but suffers in that it has a maximum segment length of “200” meters, although to be most accurate, it would be 185 meters.

31
Q

What was/is 1Base5/StarLAN?

A

1Base5, or StarLAN, was the first implementation of 1Mbps Ethernet. 10Base5 and 10Base2 were expensive to wire, and made it hard to add new machines. In addition, they ran on a BUS topology, which meant if one failed, they all failed.

1Base5 used twisted pair wiring, and was set in place by the IEEE 802.3e. The goal was to allow users to re-used existing twisted-pair wiring within buildings, so that networking could be done and not be disturbed by phone calls. It used a hub/repeater, to avoid the Bus topology. Unfortunately, it was pretty damn slow, and was not a successful product.

32
Q

What is cut-through switching?

A

Cut-through switching is a method for packet switching, where the switch begins forwarding a frame before the frame has been entirely received, generally as soon as the address is known.

33
Q

What is store-and-forward switching?

A

Store-and-forward switching is a method for packet switching. In this method, when a switch receives a packet in its entirety, verifies it, and only then forwards it. This method works best in areas with shoddy connectivity.

34
Q

What was/is 1BaseT?

A

10BaseT, also known as “Ethernet over Twisted Pair”, was the first Ethernet variant that used an unshielded twisted pair cable, the Cat3. This lead the way to 100Base-TX, which supported 100 Mbps, and 1000Base-T, with speeds of 1000 Mbps. These three standards support full-duplex and half-duplex communications.
1BaseT was first implemented in 802.3i.

35
Q

How did the continuous improvement of Ethernet continue as far as speed and IEEE projects?

A

Ethernet progressed from 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps with 802.3u, from 100 Mbps to 1000 Mbps with 802.3z and 802.3ab, and to 10 Gbps with 802.ae, 802.3ak, and 802.3an

36
Q

What IEEE project introduced Virtual LANs?

A

IEEE 802.1Q introduced virtual LANs.

37
Q

What IEEE project introduced Quality of Service?

A

IEEE 802.1p introduced Quality of Service.

38
Q

What IEEE project introduced Spanning Tree Algorithm & Protocol?

A

IEEE 802.1D introduced Spanning Tree Algorithm & Protocol (STP).

39
Q

What IEEE project introduced Rapid Spanning Tree Algorithm & Protocol (Rapid STP)?

A

IEEE 802.1w introduced Rapid Spanning Tree Algorithm & Protocol.

40
Q

What IEEE project introduced VLAN STP?

A

IEEE 802.1s introduced VLAN STP.

41
Q

What IEEE project introduced link aggregation?

A

IEEE 802.1ad introduced link aggregation.

42
Q

What IEEE project introduced port-based network access control?

A

IEEE 802.1X introduced port-based access control.

43
Q

What did IEEE 802.3u introduce?

A

IEEE 802.3u introduced 100Base-TX, 100Base-T4, 100Base-FX (fast ethernet).

44
Q

What did IEEE 802.3z introduce?

A

IEEE 802.3z introduced 1000Base-X gigabit ethernet over fiber-optic.

45
Q

What did IEEE 802.3ab introduce?

A

IEEE 802.3ab introcued 1000Base-T gigabit ethernet.

46
Q

How did network topologies advance?

A

Network topologies advanced from the bus to ring, to star, to wireless.

47
Q

What is token ring?

A

Token ring is a network standard, created with IEEE 802.5. It used a “token-passing” routine with a star-ring hybrid topology. It was not as simple to install compared to Ethernet, and couldn’t handle multiple levels of speed like Ethernet could.

48
Q

What is a hybrid-star topology?

A

A hybrid-star topology is one where it is laid out as a star, but in actuality it follows a ring structure, where data is transferred to the hub, to a machine, back to the hub, and so on until it reaches the destination.

49
Q

What was/is 100BaseVG? What are some of its benefits?

A

100BaseVG is “voice-grade” ethernet, and is designed to support time-critical applications. It was implemented with IEEE 802.12.
100BaseVG uses an intelligent hub, allowing nodes on a network using 100BaseVG to receive at any time, but have transmissions controlled by media-access rules called “demand priority”.
Nodes transmits based on what the hub decides to transmit, and can request priority, thus allowing time-sensitive apps to run (like skype).

IT 377 - Practical Telecommunication Networking (4 decks)

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