Test 1 Study Guide Flashcards
What cells make enamel
Ameloblast
What cells make dentin
Odontoblasts
Anatomical parts of tooth
Dentin/dentine: Produced by odontoblasts and continue to produce dentin throughout the animals life, bulk of the tooth as the tooth matures
Pulp chamber: Contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue, is the “vital” portion of the tooth
Root canal: is the portion of the pulp chamber below the gum line
Apex: is the portion deepest in the socket/alveolus (the tip of the root)
Supporting structures
Alveolar bone: Cancellous bone that directly surrounds the tooth and the roots
Anatomical structures of teeth
Gingiva: “Gum” tissue, surrounds the teeth
1.Attached gingiva - keratinized and attached securely to supportive structures of teeth
2.Free gingiva - not attached, the space between here and the tooth is the sulcus
*Gingival sulcus: Located at the “neck” or margin of the crown
●Pocket/Periodontal pocket: when inflamed/infected, the sulcus is deeper than normal because the attached gingiva is no longer attached
Alveolar Mucosa: Dense keratinized tissue covering the bone and holding the gingiva to it
Periodontal ligament: The periodontal ligament, commonly known as the PDL, is a soft connective tissue between the inner wall of the alveolar socket and the roots of the teeth. It consists of collagen bands connecting the cementum of teeth to the gingiva and alveolar bone
Cementum: Cementum is a hard, calcified layer of tissue that covers the root of the tooth. On its outer side, cementum is attached to the periodontal ligament; on its inner side, the dentin. Along with the periodontal ligament, alveolar bone and gingiva, cementum helps a tooth stay in its place.
● Attachment apparatus
Alveolus/socket/alveolar bone
Periodontal ligament
Cementum - Sharpey’s fibers
Positional Terms
Positional Terms
● Coronal/apical: coronal towards the crown apical is towards the root
● Rostral
● Lingual: same as palatal but for mandibular
● Buccal: same as labial
● Mesial: corners of the tooth ie mesial bucul line where buccal and surfaces join. Buccal distal line angle joins the distal buccal walls. Distal lingual and lingual medial.
● Palatal: towards the middle of the mouth maxillary
● Labial: Vestibule towards the outside of the teeth/ towards the lips
Rostral
Cranial
Caudal
Vestibular
Buccal
Labial
Facial
Lingual
Palatal
Mesial
Distal
Apical
Coronal
Know dental formulas for
Kitten: 26 primary or deciduous teeth
2 (i 3/3, c 1/1, p 3/2 ) = 26
•Adult Cat: 30 permanent teeth
2 (I 3/3, C1/1, P 3/2, M 1/1) = 30
•Puppy: 28 primary or deciduous teeth
2 (i 3/3, c 1/1, p 3/3) = 28
•Adult Dog: 42 permanent teeth
2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3) = 42
Know eruption times
Puppy
–Incisors: 3-4 weeks
–Canines 3 weeks
•Canine teeth have a large root and takes longer to fully erupt than incisors**
–Primary premolars: 4-12 weeks
Adult Dog
–Incisors: 3-5 months
–Canine & premolars: 4-6 months
–Molars: 5-7 months
Kitten
–Incisors: 2-3 weeks
–Canines: 3-4 weeks
–Primary premolars: 3-6 weeks
Adult Cat
–Incisors: 3-4 months
–Canines: 4-5 months
–Premolars: 4-6 months
–Molars: 4-5 months
● Triadan numbering system
Anatomic System: Uses letter & number of tooth
•Triadan System: Quadrants,
4 sections of the mouth
–Upper right quadrant = 100
–Upper left quadrant = 200
–Lower left quadrant = 300
–Lower right quadrant = 400
First number = quadrant 2= tooth
1xx - r maxillary 2xx - left 3xx lef mandibular 4xx - right man
1 central incisors
2 - intermd ncisors
3- lat incisors
4- canine
5- premolars
9- first molar
Quadrants
12 top
43 bottom
Occlusal Abnormalities
*Neutroclusion - Class 1 Malocclusion (MAL1):
A normal rostrocaudal relationship of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches with malposition of one or more individual teeth.
*Includes: base-narrow canines, anterior crossbite, and lance canine teeth
Distoversion(MAL1/DV) describes a tooth that is in its anatomically correct position in the dental arch but which is abnormally angled in a distal direction.
Mesioversion (MAL1/MV) describes a tooth that is in its anatomically correct position in the dental arch but which is abnormally angled in a mesial direction
AVDC classifications and general terms
Malocclusion (MAL) is any deviation from normal occlusion described above.
Malocclusion may be due to abnormal positioning of a tooth or teeth
1.(dental malocclusion) or
due to asymmetry or other deviation of bones that support the dentition
2.(*skeletal malocclusion)
The diagnosis code for a patient with malocclusion is abbreviated as: MAL
●1 or 2 or 3 or 4 (= malocclusion class designation)/specific malocclusion abbreviation and tooth or teeth number(s).
Skull shapes
Mesaticephalic: most common
Brachycephalic: short wide heads, crowded rooted premolar teeth leads to disease
Dolichocephalics: long arrow heads
Jaw anatomy terms
Maxilla: upper jaw Invisalign and maxillary bones hold teeth. Roof is composed of hard/ soft palates. Soft seperates the oral cavity from nasopharynx. Lateral palatine fold is where the two jaws join in the back of the oral cavity.
Mandible: lower jaw, con to maxilla by the temporal mandibular joint which are fused together at the mandibular symphysis. Sublingual. Mucogingival line.
Difference between attached and free gingiva
Attached supports structures keretanized
portion of the oral tissue that firmly adheres to bone adjacent to teeth
“Free gingiva” forms a moat around the tooth = the gingival sulcus*
Difference between sulcus and pocket
in a gingival sulcus (normal), the root is not exposed.
In a periodontal pocket (abnormal), the root is exposed.
● Normal sulcus depths
Canine 1-3mm (4mm) >5mm abnormal
Feline 0-1mm
Location of
● alveolar mucosa
● periodontal ligament
● interproximal area
● diastema
● Incisive papilla
● Vomeronasal organ
● Whorten’s duct
- Alveolar Mucosa: Dense keratinized tissue covering the bone and holding the gingiva to it
- Periodontal ligament: The periodontal ligament, commonly known as the PDL, is a soft connective tissue between the inner wall of the alveolar socket and the roots of the teeth. It consists of collagen bands connecting the cementum of teeth to the gingiva and alveolar bone
- palatal rugae maxillary palate
- Whorten’s duct
- Incisive papilla
Instruments
subgingival use: Periodontal probe
❖Used to measure depth of gingival sulcus
➢Has mm markings*
- Beaver tip
○Wide, universal
○Supragingival use ONLY - Power scaler inserts for subgingival scaling
○Perio-probe, furcation tip
○Are narrow
Supragingival use: Explorers
•Shepherds hook/Pig tail
–Used to examine tooth surface to look for irregularities
–Used to examine the topography of the tooth surface*
● Difference between explorer and periodontal probe
Ultrasonic scalers: Ultrasonic devices use electrical energy that converts the tip to mechanical energy in the form of rapid vibration
- To remove biofilm* and calculus
- Convert electrical/pneumonic energy into mechanical vibration
- Converts energy from power, to a sound wave picked up by the hand piece; turns into a vibration
- Cavitation - energy created from mist creates thousands of bubbles that implode and disrupt bacteria
Types:
- Electrical
+Less expensive
+Operate at a lower speed
+Convenien
- Air/Compressor driven
+Pumps water directly into the dental unit or a storage tank for slower release
+Used to drive high-speed hand piece; higher torque than electrical
+Use oil for lubrication
+Require specialized maintenance
● How the work
● How to use them safely: Keep the tip in constant motion
✕Can cause thermal damage*
✕Never hold perpendicular to tooth*
✕Constant water flow*
Digits: as with hand scaling and curettage, fingers should rest on the teeth/head/table for stabilization
○Engage: direct the tip of the instrument subgingivally for water lavage of surrounding structures
○Neutral: balanced instrument grasp, light pen grasp
○Technique: brushing away calculus with sweeping cross strokes
○Adaptation: 2 sides of the ultrasonic instruments are active when in contact with the tooth
○Light touch: use extremely light pressure!
How to hold hand instruments for scaling: The side of the tip is used; parallel to the long axis of the tooth
- High water flow, high power**; prevent overheating
- Grip lightly not tightly; modified pen grasp*
● Anatomy of a scaler
Scaler: Has 2-3 sharp sides and a sharp tip
+Sickle, Morse, Jacquette
● Anatomy of a curette
Curette: Has 2 sharp sides and round/curved toe (tip)
+Used to remove calculus both supragingivally and subgingivally.
+Universal, Gracey
+To ID: hold down and facing you
•Gracey is angled
•Universal is straight
Recapping needles safely
Oral disease problems
missing or fractured teeth/tooth enamel
•Gum recession
Anodontia/adontia:
●Complete absence of teeth (very rare in dogs and cats)
●Hypodontia : absence of a few teeth
Not to be confused with “Diastema”: a normal anatomical space between two adjacent teeth, not in contact with each other.
•Attrition/abrasion
Rotated teeth/ crowding
Oral masses
•Epulides*
Fibrosarcoma/squamous cell carcinoma
•Gingival hyperplasia
•Osteosarcoma
•Furcation exposure
•Pulp hemorrhage (pulpitis)
•staining
•Tertiary dentin
•Supernumerary teeth
Tooth resorption
Persistent primary teeth (know the numbering system)
Persistent Primary Teeth also known as Retained, Deciduous or Baby
● Peg teeth (in non-lagomorph species)
Abnormally formed supernumerary teeth
● Difference between gingivitis and periodontitis
G: inflammation of the gingiva caused by plaque
P: inflammation of the supporting structures of the teeth, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone and cementum
Glossitis
Inflammation of mucosa of the dorsal and or ventral tongue surface
● Difference between abrasion and attrition
Attrition: hard tooth tissue loss caused by tooth-to-tooth contact during mastication or parafunctional habits
Abrasion: is hard tooth tissue loss caused by friction from tooth brushing and toothpaste
Malocclusions
● Classification
■ Class I: occlusion normal except?
● Spearing/lance canine teeth
● Base-narrow canines
*Crossbite (CB) describes a malocclusion in which a mandibular tooth or teeth have a more buccal or labial position than the antagonist maxillary tooth. It can be classified as rostral or caudal:
■ Class II:
● Mandible is shorter than normal
Symmetrical Skeletal Malocclusions:
•**Mandibular Distoclusion - Class 2 Malocclusion (MAL2):
•An abnormal rostrocaudal relationship between the dental arches in which the mandibular arch occludes caudal to its normal position relative to the maxillary arch. Example:
■ Class III:
● Maxillary brachygnathism vs. mandibular prognathism
**Mandibular mesioclusion - Class 3 Malocclusion: (MAL3)
•An abnormal rostro-caudal relationship between the dental arches in which the mandibular arch occludes rostral to its normal position relative to the maxillary arch. Example: Is the accepted breed standard for
–Bulldog
–Pug
–Boxer
–Boston terrier
In brachycephalic breeds: “Normal Class 3 Occlusion”. *
*Class 4
Maxillomandibular asymmetry “WRY BITE”
● How can you tell if the problem is maxillary (hint are the teeth crowding)
Brachycephalics
Mandibular mesioclusion NC3
Bulldogs
Pugs
Boxers
Boston terriers
● What causes teeth to turn pink/purple?
Pulpitis - pulp hemorrhage
● Oronasal fistula
■ Abnormal opening into the nasal cavity
Result from advanced periodontal disease on the inside of the canines
Bone between canine and nasal cavity breaks down
Usually diagnosed after extraction
● Difference between tooth luxation and avulsion
Luxation: Partial displacement of the tooth from the socket
Avulsion: Complete displacement of tooth from the socket
● Difference between tooth Gemini and fusion of teeth
Gemini: Tooth bud has partially divided in the attempt to form two teeth
One tooth root
Fusion: The joining of two developing teeth that have different tooth buds
Two tooth roots
Why do we polish the teeth after scaling?
Smooths surface*
●Reducing surface area of attachment
●Supra/subgingivally
●removes missed plaque
○Heats up like ultrasonic scaler*
■Use adequate amounts of paste
■No more than a few seconds
■Use a light touch
■Keep continuous movement
What is the AVDC’s position on anesthesia-free dental cleaning?
