Test 1 - Study Companion Flashcards
positive phototaxis
moves towards light
negative phototaxis
moves away from light
endospore
resistent cells formed when nutrients are lacking - go dormant
binary fission
how prokaryotes reproduce asexall
phototroph
uses light energy
chemotroph
energy from chemicals in environment
autotroph
need only CO2
heterotroph
require at least on organic nutrient
obigate aerobe
require O2
faculative anerobe
O2 if present, but can grow anerobically if none
obligate anaerobe
O2 poisons
bioremediate
use of organisms to remove pollutants from water, air and soil
two branches of prokaryotic evolution
Bacteria & Archaea
components of prokaryotic cell wall
peptidoglycan and outter membran if gram negative
cell wall of Gram positive differ from gram negative
Gram posotive has peptidoglycan
what functions of cell wall of prokaryotes
maintains shap
protection
prevents bursing in hypotonic enviroment
Why gram negative pathogens more threatenting than Gram positive ones
outer membrane protects against host defenses
How does penicillin inhibit prokaryotic growth
inhibits x-link formation
What is a capsule
sticky substance forms protective layer
What re fimbrie
hair like appendages
Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
pro - no internal membranes
smaller genomes
infolded membrane regions
What is a plasmid
smaller rings of DNA
How does erythromycin and tetracycline inhibit bacterial growth
block protein syntehsis by binding to prokaryotic ribosomes
what is horizontal gene transfer
DNA from different individuals brought together
three mechanisms prokaryotes use to transfer genes between individuals
Transformation - genes from environemnt
Conjugation - transfer of genes from one to another
Transduction - viruses transfer genes from one prokaryotes to another
photoautotrophs
photosynthetic organisms use light energy and CO2
chemoautotrophs
only need CO2 but use other inorganic subtances for oxidation
photoheterotrophs
light for energy and obtain carbon in organic form
chemoheterotrophs
consume organic molecules for energy and carbon
denitrification vs nitrogen fixation
denitrify - NO2 and NO3 return N2 to atmosphere
nitrogen fixation - convert N2 to NH4
metabolic cooperation
cooperation between prokaryotes allows them to use enviromental resources couldn’t otherwise use
biofilm
coatings of cooperating prokaryotes
extreme thermophile
live in high temperatures
halophile
live in high salt environments
methanogen
obtain energy using CO2 to oxidize CH4
symbiosis
ecological relationship
opportunistic pathogen
stricks when immune down
endotoxin
proteins secreted by prokaryote
exotoxin
released when bacteria die
protist
unicellular eukaryotes
eukaryote
have internal organelles
definiative host
organism where parasite reproduces sexually
intermediate host
organism which parasite does not reproduce sexually
protists discovered by whom
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
protissts differ from prokaryotes
organelles
why protists in 5 super groups
history and evolution not understood
5 protist supergroups
Excavata Chromaveolata Rhinizaria Archaeplastida Unikonta
kinetoplastic
singe large mirochondrion contains kinetoplast
kinetoplast
organized mass of DNA
three diseases involving kinetoplastids
African Sleeping Sickness
Chagas Disease
Leishmaniasis
African Sleeping sickness vector
Resivoir Antelope > Definitive Tsetse Fly > Intermediate Human
Chagas disease vector
Resivoir Mice > Definative Reduviid Bug > Intermediate Human
red tide
caused by dinoflagellates which produce toxins
Leishmaniasis vector
Resivoir Rat > Definative Sand Fly > Intermiedate Human
apocomplexan
have a apicoplast which is similar to chloroplast
malaria life cycle
definative mosquito> human lifer > blood
cilliate feature
use cilia to move
What some characterisitcs of diatoms
unicellular algae with unique glass-like walls can support lots of pressue
What some characterisitcs of diatoms
unicellular algae with unique glass-like walls can support lots of pressue
hyphae
tiny filaments present in fungi except yeasts and microsporidia
septa
how multicellular fungi
haustoria
hypahe which are modified to pentrate host tissue
haploid
one set of genes
diploid
two sets of genes
heterokaryon
hypahe which has genetically different nuclei
zygosporangium
spherical resistent spehres formed during reproduction
asci
saclike holder of spores in ascomycota
ascocarp
macroscopic fruiting bodies
conidia
spores produced on specialized hypahe
basidiocarp
mushroom fruting bodies
fungus different from plans and animals
animals and fungi have commona ncestor
mycelium
network of hypahe
carbohydrate in cell walls
chitin
coenocytic fungus
cordinated unit of multople cells
two major stages in sexual life cycle fungi
Zygote, heterokaryotics stage
five fungal phyla
Chrytrids - chytridiomycota Zygote - zgomycota Arbuscular mycorrhizal - glomeromycota Sac Fungi - Ascomycota Club Fungi - Basidiomycota
fairy ring
at edge of mycellium fruting bodies
mold
rapidly growing asexually reproducing fungi
yeast
unicellular fungi which inhabit moist habitats
lichen
symbiotic assocition of photosynthetic migroorganisms and fungus
mycosis
fungal infection
cephalization
anterior sensory organs - head
trchophore
free moving plankton with cilia
lophophorate
feeding organ
ecdysozoa
nematodes linked arthropods
animal kingdome from others
Multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes Glycogen No cell wall Collagen Nervous and muscle tissue Produce sexually
protist ancestor of fungi and animal
colonial flagellated protist
causes of diversification of animals
Preditor prey relationships
Changes in O2 levels
Variations of Hox gene expression
four key evolutionary branches
Tissues
Body Symetry
Body Cavities
Protosome-Deuterosome Dichotomy
distinction between parazoa and eumentazoa
eumetazoa have tissues parazoa do not
planes of symmetry radial and bilateral
radial have infinite, bilateral just one
relationshp of symmetry and lifestyle
radial = more movement
bilateral have that radial usually don’t
cephalization or heads
germ layers of diploblastic animal
ectoderm
endoderm
germ layers of triploblastic animal
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
developmental stages from zygote to gastrula
Zygote > 8 cell state > Blastula > Gastrula
triploblastic animals without cavity
acoeleomates
distinguishes coelom from pseudocoelom
if competely lined with mesoderm
functions body cavity
Cusion Organs
Enable organs to grow indepently
locomotion in annelida
stages protosomal development
Clevage - spiral determinate
Coelom formation - meoderm splits
Mouth develops from blastopore
stages deuterostomal development
Clevage - radial
Coelomtoration - hollows
Anus from blastopore mouth from second opening
hermaphrodite
both male and female in one individual
choanocyte
collar cells lining inside of body
amoebocyte
mobile cell which moves like an amoeba within a sponge
osculum
water exits in a choanocyte
spongocoel
pores in central cavity of sponge
gastrovascular cavity
open interior cavity
sessile
doesn’t move
cnidocyte
on tenticles contain stining capsules
nematosyte
stinging capsules
parthenogenesis
asexual reproduction of self
radula
straplike rasping organ for feeding
complete metamorphosis
.
incomplete metamorphosis
.
hemolymph
.
tracheal system
.
spiracles
.
tube feed
.
endoskeleton
.
two body plans of cnidarians
sessile polp
floating medusae
most billaterial acoelomates members of which phylum
.
name intermediate and terminal hosts in blood fluke
.
three parts of mollusk
.
characteristics distinguish cephalopods from other mollusks
.
lophophore and function
.
three phyla with lopophores
.
what characteristics distinguis oligocheate from polychaeta
.
two evolutionary innovations well developed in annelids
.
three characteristics of arthropods
.
advatages and disadvantages of arthropod exoskeletan
.
major anatomical features of insecta
.
crustacea distinguised fomr counting
.
barnacle
.
two phyla have deuterstome development
.
which structrue unique to echinoderms
.
