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PSY 302 > Test 1 Study > Flashcards

Test 1 Study Flashcards

0
Q

Define rational

A

Logical thinking

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1
Q

What are the three essentials to science?

A

Rational and empirical
Science probabilistic
Science is public and open to verification

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2
Q

Define empirical

A

Test observations

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3
Q

What is a theory?

A

A theory is a statement or set of statements that describe general principles about how variables relate to one another
A logical rationale or explanation for the prediction

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4
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

Predictions about the relationship between variables

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5
Q

What are the five characteristics of a good theory?

A 
Supported by empirical data
Falsifiable
Parsimonious
Useful
Comprehensive
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6
Q

Define junk science

A

important topic, poor method

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7
Q

Define pragmatic science

A

Important topic and strong methodological rigor

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8
Q

Define irrelevant science

A

An unimportant topic and strong methodological rigor

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9
Q

Define hopeless science

A

An unimportant topic and poor methodological rigor

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10
Q

Theories are never proved or disapproved then what are they?

A

only supported or not supported

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11
Q

What are research-based claims evaluated on?

A

Practical importance
Methodological rigor
Weight of evidence

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12
Q

How are peer-reviews conducted?

A

they are conducted under double-blind review process

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13
Q

What is the problem with personal experience?

A

It lacks the comparison essential for scientific research

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14
Q

Define confounds

A

Alternative plausible explanations

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15
Q

What are the seven biases of intuition?

A 
The good story bias
The Present/present bias
The pop-up principal
Hindsight bias
Cherry picking the evidence
Asking biased or leading questions
The overconfidence bias
16
Q

That is cherry picking the evidence?

A

Getting information that confirms what we believe and ignoring evidence that contradicts it

17
Q

Results from asking biased or leading questions?

A

The biases the answers to confirm our own beliefs.

18
Q

What is the good story bias?

A

That sounds good so except it as true

An example would be getting a cold from being out in the rain

19
Q

The present/present bias

A

We noticed what is present more than what is not present

20
Q

The pop-up principle

A

that which comes into our mind easily

Vivid, recent ,and memorable events seem more correct

21
Q

Hindsight bias

A

Inclination to see events that already occurred as being more predictable than they were before they took place

22
Q

What are variables?

A

Any factor that can be changed

23
Q

What are the three types of variables?

A

Independent variable
Dependent variable
Controlled variable

24
Q

What is the benefit to random assignment?

A

It helps to account for some of the variability

25
Q

How are the variables coined in correlational research?

A

Independent variables are measured -often called predictors
Dependent variables are measured – often called criterion
Controlled variables are held constant statistically

26
Q

What are constructs?

A

Conceptual definitions

27
Q

What are operational definitions?

A

How researchers manipulate or measure a variable within the scientific study
Researchers directly test operational definitions and not constructs

28
Q

Name the three types of claims

A

Frequency claim, association claim, causal claim.

29
Q

What is a frequency claim?

A

A measurement of the prevalence or parameter estimation

30
Q

What is an association claim?

A

Two variables are related but causation cannot be implied

31
Q

What are the three criteria for a causal claim?

A

Covariance, temporal precedence, internal validity

32
Q

What is construct validity?

A

How well our operational definition measures our construct

33
Q

What is external validity?

A

How well does our study generalize to people or to other settings

34
Q

What is statistical validity?

A

How accurate conclusions about the data, we use correct stats analysis and P values and effect size and we also establish covariance

35
Q

Define internal validity

A

How well does this study control for confounds and it only applies to causal claims

36
Q

What are the sub validities to construct validity?

A 
Face validity
Content validity
Concurrent validity
Predictive validity
Convergent validity
Discriminant validity

PSY 302 (2 decks)

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