Test 1- Small Animal Flashcards
1
Q
What is nutrition?
A
The study of nutrient requirements in all phases of life and interaction between nutrients and animal
2
Q
What are the 4 life stages in terms of nutritional requirements
A
Growth
Maintenance
Reproduction
Lactation
3
Q
What is malnutrition?
A
An imbalance of nutrients
4
Q
What are 3 classifications of nutrients
A
Essential, conditionally essential, non essential
5
Q
What is an essential nutrient
A
one that cannot be synthesized by the body ex. water, Vit. D
6
Q
What is an essential nutrient (amino acid) in cats and is conditionally essential in dogs
A
taurine
7
Q
what are conditionally essential nutrients
A
nutrients that are not usually essential in diets that an underlying abnormality makes a requirement
8
Q
What is a nonessential nutrient in dogs
A
aracadonic acid
9
Q
what is a nonessential nutrient in dogs and cats
A
One that is synthesized by the body, ex. vitamin c
10
Q
What are the 6 major categories of nutrients
A
Water, fat, carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, minerals
11
Q
What are nutrients that provide energy
A
carbohydrates, protein, fat
12
Q
what is the most important nutrient
A
water
13
Q
what is the average water requirement
A
30-90 ml/kg/day
14
Q
What is the energy density for carbohydrates
A
3.5-4 kcal/gram
15
Q
What defines a insoluble fiber
A
one that has no interaction with water so the body absorbs water from the ingesta, it increases fecal bulk, and decreases intestinal transit time
ex. wheat bran, cellulose, lignin
16
Q
What defines a soluble fiber
A
viscous/ gel-forming with high water holding capacity and ingesta resists dehydration
ex. psyllium, guar gum
17
Q
Effects of fermentation on GI transit time, fecal bulk, and bile extraction
A
as fermentation increases so does GI rate, fecal bulk decreases and the fecal bile extraction increases
18
Q
What is the best to help with constipation
A
Psyllium seed husk- soluble and insoluble and soluble portion not readily fermented in the intestines- remains intact to have bulky and soft stool
19
Q
What is the energy density of fat
A
8.5-9 kcal/g
20
Q
What are the fat soluble vitamins
A
ADEK
21
Q
What is the essential fatty acid for dogs and cats
A
Linoleic acid (omega-6)
22
Q
What are essential fatty acids for growth and reproduction in dogs and cats
A
Alpha-linolenic acid and EPA and DHA (omega-3)
23
Q
What is a fatty acid essential for cats and not dogs
A
Arachidonic acid
24
Q
How do dogs get arachidonic acid
A
they can synthesize it from linoleic acid
25
Why do animals need fat
certain fat soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids
26
energy density of protein
3.5-4 kcal/g
27
What does protein supply other than energy
amino acids and nitrogen
28
What are the percentages of required protein by dry matter basis for dogs and cats at matinance and growth and repro
Canine adult maint. 18%
Canine growth and repro. 22.5%
Feline adult maint. 26%
Feline growth and repro. 30%
29
Water soluble vitamins
B and C but dogs and cats don’t need supplemental vitamin c
30
Who makes up AAFCO
Regulatory officials in the state, no industry reps
31
How is the claim complete and balanced substantiated
The AAFCO feeding trials or nutrient profiles
32
Why are there maximum nutrient levels for some nutrients
These nutrients are ones with potential toxicity or concern with overuse
33
FDA role in pet food
Enforces the food and drugs act
| And specifies permitted ingredients, acceptable manufacturing procedures, food safety, and some label requirements
34
What does the FDA require food to be
Pure and wholesome
Safe to eat
Contains no harmful substances
Be truthfully labeled
35
What are health claims and who regulates them
Imply the consumption of food may help in treatment, prevention, or reduction of a particular disease
Regulated by FDA
36
Are health claims allowed on pet foods
No except on therapeutic diets
37
What is the function of the USDA
Regulates pet food labels and research facilities
Inspects products used to make food
They make sure pet food is labeled for pets
38
What is the function of the PFI
It is a trade organization representing pet food manufacturers
39
Does the PFI have regulatory powers
No
40
What must pet food labels include
Product name, net weight statement, name and address of manufacturer, guaranteed analysis, list of ingredients, “dog or cat food”, nutritional adequacy statement, feeding guidelines, caloric statement
41
Percentage rules
| “Beef”
Greater or equal to 70% of the total product is beef or Greater or equal to 95% of total weight is beef (dry matter basis)
42
Percentage rules
“Beef dinner (platter, entree, nuggets, etc.”
Descriptor after protein
Greater or equal to 10% and less than 70% of the total product is beef or Greater or equal to 25% and less than 95% of total weight is beef (dry matter basis)
43
Percentage rules “with beef”
Greater or equal to 3% and less than 10% of total product is beef (as fed)
44
Percentage rules “Beef flavor”
Less than 3% of total product is beef (as fed)
45
Percentage rules with more than one ingredient name in product name
All ingredients constitute a minimum of 25% total weight or minimum of 10% as fed
None of ingredients can be less than 3%
46
Guaranteed analysis
```
% Crude protein-min
% crude fat-min
% crude fiber- max
% moisture-min
Listed on an as fed basis
```
47
What is guaranteed analysis derived from
Lab analysis tests
48
How to calculate dry matter in a diet
100%- (% moisture as fed)
49
Calculate % of nutrient on dry matter basis
(% nutrient as fed/% dry matter in diet) x 100
50
How are ingredients arranged
By decreasing order of predominance by weight (not dry matter basis)
51
What is the significance of splitting ingredients in an ingredient list
The same ingredient can be separated by fineness of grain
52
What is the nutritional adequacy statement
A statement indicating what life cycle the food is intended for and that it has been substantiated by one of 2 AAFCO methods either feeding trial or calculation
53
What must be included if a diet is for all life stages and why
If the diet includes large size dogs which is based on calcium
54
What is the family method with AAFCO statements
If the product is in a family (ex. Different flavor) and is comparable in nutritional adequacy then it doesn’t need separate testing
55
What does the caloric statement have to be in terms of for food and treats
On an as fed basis
56
What is a filler
Something in a diet with no nutritional benefit- corn is not a filler
57
What percentage of minimum digestibility should a popular product have? A premium product
Minimum of 80% and minimum of 86%
58
What is the main food antioxidant
Vitamin E, but poor at stabilizing
59
What are some natural preservatives
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
Salts and esters of Vitamin C
Gamma and Delta- tocopherols
60
Feeding a food with preservatives is less risky than what
Feeding without- can go rancid
61
What are the 3 steps for nutritional assessment of an animal
1- assess the animal
2-assess the diet
3-assess the feeing practices
62
What are parameters to assess body condition score and what is it based on as a whole
1. Ribs
2. Waist
3, Abdominal tuck
4. Tail base
Assesses body amount of body fat
63
What is the age exception in terms of BCS
Kittens and puppies lack an abdominal tuck
64
What is the ideal body fat percentage
19-32%
65
What is the other way of accessing the bodies of animals
Muscle Condition Score (MCS)
66
What do you palpate for a MCS
The lumbar spine, the skull, scapulae, and the pelvic bones
67
Scoring of muscle mass
Normal, mild, moderate, severe
68
How do you calculate resting energy requirement (RER)
70(BW in kg)^0.75 or 70+(30xbw in kg)
69
RER vs. MER
Both take into account energy needed for obtaining, digesting, and absorbing food in amounts to maintain body weight but also MER take into account the energy needed for spontaneous activity
70
How to calculate MER in adult dogs and cats
1.4-1.8 x RER
1.0-1.4 x RER
Neutered are in the middle
71
MER for puppies
<4 months 3 x RER
| >4 months 2 x RER
72
MER for kittens
2.5 x RER or free choice
73
Hungry vs. Appetite
Sensations associated with the physical need for food and the desire to eat
74
When do each puppy size reach skeletal maturity
Small breeds- 6 months
Larger breeds- 10-12 months
Giant breeds- 24 months
75
Types of feeding for puppies
ad lib- not recommended
Time restricted- theoretically so they won’t over eat
Volume restricted feeding- preferred method
76
Is digestability important for puppies
Definitely! They have a lot of energy requirements and a limited stomach capacity
77
What level of nutrients are the “all life stages” foods at
The highest potential need so growth and repro
78
What special requirements must food for large and giant breeds have and why
Need diets lower in energy, calcium, and vitamin D compared to standard puppy diets because developmental orthopedic disease is a concern
79
What is the maximum amount of calcium a giant breed puppy food should have
1.8% DMB
80
What are risk factors for DOD (developmental orthopedic diseases)
Genetics, nutrition, and environment
81
Does increased protein intake cause developmental orthopedic diseases
No
82
What is the maximum amount of phosphorus a giant breed puppy food should have
1.6
83
What is the maximum the calcium/phosphorus ratio should be for a giant breed puppy food and what is the optimum
2: 1
| 1. 2:1 or 1.4:1
84
What are the nutrition risk factors for giant breed puppies
Deficiencies or excess of energy, calcium, phosphorus, Vitamin D
Don’t change to adult food too quickly
85
What fatty acid helps with neural development
DHA- helps with visual acuity and avoid adverse changes in learning behaviors
86
What is a source of DHA and EPA
Fish oils
87
What can synthesize DHA from ALA
Only puppies for the first few weeks of life
88
What has been shown that DHA supplementation can create
A smarter and more trainable puppy
89
What effect does spaying and neutering have on energy requirements
Lowers them
90
What are the feeding requirements on bags of dog food in terms of
Current body weight
91
For nutritional purposes what are dogs and cats
Dogs are omnivores and cats are carnivores
92
Do dogs have a dietary requirement for carbohydrates
No but it helps prevent loss of other nutrients through gluconeogenesis
93
What lifestage is carbohydrates conditionally essential
Growth, gestation, lactation
94
How does cooking affect starches
Improves digestibility and helps prevent flatulence and diarrhea
95
Excluding moisture what is the highest percent nutrient in most diets
Carbohydrates
96
What is the AAFCO recommended minimum of fat for adult maintenance for dogs
5.5%
97
What does a deficiency of linoleic acid cause
Dry itchy skin, dermatitis, luterluss hair coat
98
What is the AAFCO recommended minimum of protein for adult maintenance for dogs
18%, and it must provide the right balance of amino acids
99
In dogs they can convert beta carotene into what
Vitamin A (cats can’t)
100
What type of fuel is needed for short, intense work and why
Carbohydrates because the energy is derived anaerobically from fast-twitch fibers
101
What type of fuel is needed for endurance racing and why
Fatty acids and carbohydrates to a point- uses aerobic slow twitch fibers
Need a diet above maintenance that is well digestible, energy-dense, and high-fat
102
When do you want to feed the largest meal to endurance racing dogs
After the days training session
103
How do you feed on race day
2-4 hours before the race feed half of the caloric requirements
104
What is a risk for hunting dogs
Hypoglycemia because of no conditioning- change to performance diet 3-4 weeks prior to hunting and condition dog
Also feed half of caloric intake 2-4 hours before the hunt
105
Carb loading may cause what and why
Exertional rhabdomylosis because of rapid anaerobic metabolism of muscle due to lactic acid production
106
What does ambient temperature increase energy requirement by
1.5-2.2
107
How does cold weather affect energy requirements
Increases it by 50% but MER affected by size, hair coat, shelter, wind, etc.
108
How does hot weather compare to cold and ambient in terms of energy requirements
It is somewhere in between ambient and cold weather
109
What is the maximum life span for dogs
27 years
110
What is the average lifespan for dogs
13 years
111
What is exceptional longevity defined as
30% above average life expectancy
112
How old is a senior dog defined as
7 years
113
What affects does aging have
Decrease metabolic rate, lean body tissue (muscle), total body water, and an increase in body fat
114
Why does the metabolic rate slow with age
Muscle uses more energy than fat and with age you lose muscle mass and replace with fat
115
What are the 3 leading causes of death in dogs
Cancer, Kidney disease, heart disease
116
Older dogs require higher levels of what
Protein because of increased protein turnover and decreased protein synthesis
117
How does water intake change with age
Older dogs may be more prone to dehydration
118
How does aging affects bones
The cortices of long bones become thinner and osteoarthritis is more common in older animals
119
What does glucosamine do
It is a building block of cartilage
120
What does chondroitin sulfate do
Blocks enzymes that break down cartilage
121
What is the most common disorder reported by vets
Dental disease
122
What is dental plaque
Biofilm that forms on teeth and will harden within 48 hours and in 10 days becomes tarter
123
Do dry diets help prevent tarter buildup
Not really, food shatters on tip of tooth
124
What is sodium hexametaphosphate
Interferes with the mineralization of plaque and is in many diets now for dogs
125
Who’s seal should you look for for credibility of product dental claims
Veterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC)
126
What do both humans and dogs develop in their brains
Senile plaques
127
What can be in diets to help with cognitive dysfunction
Antioxidants- vitamin E, C and lipoid acid also high in n-3 fatty acids and L-carnitine and taurine
128
What can serve as a effective energy source for dogs’ brains
Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCT)
129
What does Vitamin E and Beta-carotene help with
Immune function and reducing inflammation
130
What is the AAFCO recommended minimum for feline adult maintenance of protein
26%
131
What is the AAFCO recommended minimum for feline growth/repro of protein
30%
132
Why do cats need more protein than dogs
Higher liver enzyme activity - transaminases and deaminases- cats cannot decrease the activity of the liver enzymes
133
What amino acids do cats require
Arginine And Taurine
134
What happens to cats without arginine
They are unable to break down ammonia to urea in the urea cycle
135
What is taurine deficiency associated with
Reproductive failure, low birth weight kittens with developmental abnormalities, poor growth, dilated cardiomyopathy, compromised immune system
136
What is the AAFCO recommended minimum for feline adult maintenance and growth and repro of fat
9%
137
What are the essential fatty acids required in diet of adult cats
Linolaic and arachidonic
138
What are the essential fatty acids required in diet of kittens
Linolaic and arachidonic and alpha-linolenic and EPA and DHA
139
What are cats lacking to keep them from creating arachidonic acid
Delta-6-desaturase
140
What vitamins must cats have in their diet
Vitamins A and D, niacin, pyridoxine (vitamin b6)
141
When should you switch kittens to adult food
8-12 months
142
What is the energy intake for growing kittens (MER)
2.5 x RER
143
What has a higher minimum in kittens as recommended by AAFCO in terms of vitamins
Vitamins A and D
144
What has a higher minimum in kittens as recommended by AAFCO in terms of minerals
Higher calcium and phosphorus
145
What is a risk unique to cats if they do not consume enough calories
Fatty liver disease- hepatic lipidosis
146
What is considered a geriatric aged cat
12 years
147
Do older cats also need more protein
Yes
148
Unlike dogs, older cats need higher levels of what in their diet
Fat
149
Cats lack what and rely on what in replace of it to phosphorylate glucose
Lack glucokinase but have hexakinase instead
150
Can cats digest carbohydrates
Yes if they are properly processed
151
What is glucose production primarily from in cats
Gluconeogenic amino acids (proteins) and glycerol (fats)
| Not carbohydrates
152
Do most species produce salivary amylase
No most don’t, humans produce the most then pigs
153
What type of diabetes is common in cats And what are the risk factors
Type 2 And risks are obesity and increasing age
154
Obesity is what
A disease
155
What percentage of dogs and cats are obese in 2018
Dogs- 55.8%
| Cats- 59.5%
156
What do we use to diagnose obesity in animals
Body Condition Score
157
On the 9 point BCS what does each point change mean
Each point, after ideal, is a 5% increase in BF
158
On the 5 point BCS what does each point change mean
Each point, after ideal, is 10% change in body fat
159
What is the most common disease in animals
Obesity
160
What are health risks associated with obesity
Decreased life expectancy, pulmonary disease, compromised immune function, type 2 diabetes (cats), cancer, joint problems, increased mortality after anesthesia, chronic inflammatory condition
161
What produces adipokines and what do they do
White adipose tissue and they are cytokines causing inflammation
162
What does leptin do
It decreases appetite and stimulates energy expenditure and it increases proinflammatory cytokines
163
What happens in obese animals with leptin
The levels increase until the animal develops a resistance
164
What is osteoarthritis described as
A syndrome characterized by the deterioration of articular cartilage, osteophyte formation, and bone remodeling
165
Leptin plays a role in what
The development of osteoarthritis
166
Osteoarthritis can be improved with what
Even modest weight loss
167
How to calculate daily caloric requirements for dogs and cats
Dogs use RER (or 60% of MER)
| Cats use 0.8 x RER (or 70% of MER)
168
Do you use ideal or current body weight in calculations for caloric intake for weight loss cases
Use current body weight (within reason)
169
If you decrease calories too much what can happen
Thyroid hormone production will be decreased which will decrease the metabolism and then once start eating at maintenance again can have a weight rebound
170
How often should weight loss patients be weighed
Every 2 weeks
171
Steps in obesity management protocol
1. Correct and control underlying diseases
2. Induce negative energy balance
3. Calculate caloric requirements
4. Choose appropriate diet
172
How much of total caloric intake should treats make up
Less than 10%
173
What percentage of body fat should animals on weight loss program loss a week
1%-2%
174
What act makes sure food is safe for both people and animals
The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic act
175
What is the NRC
a private, nonprofit organization that makes nutrient recommendations
176
Is AAFCO a regulatory body and what do they do
no it is not but it establishes model animal feed regulations and ingredient definitions
