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Nutrition > Test 1- Small Animal > Flashcards

Test 1- Small Animal Flashcards

1
Q

What is nutrition?

A

The study of nutrient requirements in all phases of life and interaction between nutrients and animal

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2
Q

What are the 4 life stages in terms of nutritional requirements

A

Growth
Maintenance
Reproduction
Lactation

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3
Q

What is malnutrition?

A

An imbalance of nutrients

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4
Q

What are 3 classifications of nutrients

A

Essential, conditionally essential, non essential

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5
Q

What is an essential nutrient

A

one that cannot be synthesized by the body ex. water, Vit. D

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6
Q

What is an essential nutrient (amino acid) in cats and is conditionally essential in dogs

A

taurine

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7
Q

what are conditionally essential nutrients

A

nutrients that are not usually essential in diets that an underlying abnormality makes a requirement

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8
Q

What is a nonessential nutrient in dogs

A

aracadonic acid

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9
Q

what is a nonessential nutrient in dogs and cats

A

One that is synthesized by the body, ex. vitamin c

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10
Q

What are the 6 major categories of nutrients

A

Water, fat, carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, minerals

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11
Q

What are nutrients that provide energy

A

carbohydrates, protein, fat

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12
Q

what is the most important nutrient

A

water

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13
Q

what is the average water requirement

A

30-90 ml/kg/day

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14
Q

What is the energy density for carbohydrates

A

3.5-4 kcal/gram

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15
Q

What defines a insoluble fiber

A

one that has no interaction with water so the body absorbs water from the ingesta, it increases fecal bulk, and decreases intestinal transit time
ex. wheat bran, cellulose, lignin

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16
Q

What defines a soluble fiber

A

viscous/ gel-forming with high water holding capacity and ingesta resists dehydration
ex. psyllium, guar gum

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17
Q

Effects of fermentation on GI transit time, fecal bulk, and bile extraction

A

as fermentation increases so does GI rate, fecal bulk decreases and the fecal bile extraction increases

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18
Q

What is the best to help with constipation

A

Psyllium seed husk- soluble and insoluble and soluble portion not readily fermented in the intestines- remains intact to have bulky and soft stool

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19
Q

What is the energy density of fat

A

8.5-9 kcal/g

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20
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

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21
Q

What is the essential fatty acid for dogs and cats

A

Linoleic acid (omega-6)

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22
Q

What are essential fatty acids for growth and reproduction in dogs and cats

A

Alpha-linolenic acid and EPA and DHA (omega-3)

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23
Q

What is a fatty acid essential for cats and not dogs

A

Arachidonic acid

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24
Q

How do dogs get arachidonic acid

A

they can synthesize it from linoleic acid

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25
Q

Why do animals need fat

A

certain fat soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids

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26
Q

energy density of protein

A

3.5-4 kcal/g

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27
Q

What does protein supply other than energy

A

amino acids and nitrogen

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28
Q

What are the percentages of required protein by dry matter basis for dogs and cats at matinance and growth and repro

A

Canine adult maint. 18%
Canine growth and repro. 22.5%
Feline adult maint. 26%
Feline growth and repro. 30%

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29
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

B and C but dogs and cats don’t need supplemental vitamin c

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30
Q

Who makes up AAFCO

A

Regulatory officials in the state, no industry reps

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31
Q

How is the claim complete and balanced substantiated

A

The AAFCO feeding trials or nutrient profiles

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32
Q

Why are there maximum nutrient levels for some nutrients

A

These nutrients are ones with potential toxicity or concern with overuse

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33
Q

FDA role in pet food

A

Enforces the food and drugs act

And specifies permitted ingredients, acceptable manufacturing procedures, food safety, and some label requirements

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34
Q

What does the FDA require food to be

A

Pure and wholesome
Safe to eat
Contains no harmful substances
Be truthfully labeled

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35
Q

What are health claims and who regulates them

A

Imply the consumption of food may help in treatment, prevention, or reduction of a particular disease
Regulated by FDA

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36
Q

Are health claims allowed on pet foods

A

No except on therapeutic diets

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37
Q

What is the function of the USDA

A

Regulates pet food labels and research facilities
Inspects products used to make food
They make sure pet food is labeled for pets

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38
Q

What is the function of the PFI

A

It is a trade organization representing pet food manufacturers

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39
Q

Does the PFI have regulatory powers

A

No

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40
Q

What must pet food labels include

A

Product name, net weight statement, name and address of manufacturer, guaranteed analysis, list of ingredients, “dog or cat food”, nutritional adequacy statement, feeding guidelines, caloric statement

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41
Q

Percentage rules

“Beef”

A

Greater or equal to 70% of the total product is beef or Greater or equal to 95% of total weight is beef (dry matter basis)

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42
Q

Percentage rules
“Beef dinner (platter, entree, nuggets, etc.”
Descriptor after protein

A

Greater or equal to 10% and less than 70% of the total product is beef or Greater or equal to 25% and less than 95% of total weight is beef (dry matter basis)

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43
Q

Percentage rules “with beef”

A

Greater or equal to 3% and less than 10% of total product is beef (as fed)

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44
Q

Percentage rules “Beef flavor”

A

Less than 3% of total product is beef (as fed)

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45
Q

Percentage rules with more than one ingredient name in product name

A

All ingredients constitute a minimum of 25% total weight or minimum of 10% as fed
None of ingredients can be less than 3%

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46
Q

Guaranteed analysis

A 
% Crude protein-min
% crude fat-min
% crude fiber- max
% moisture-min
Listed on an as fed basis
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47
Q

What is guaranteed analysis derived from

A

Lab analysis tests

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48
Q

How to calculate dry matter in a diet

A

100%- (% moisture as fed)

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49
Q

Calculate % of nutrient on dry matter basis

A

(% nutrient as fed/% dry matter in diet) x 100

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50
Q

How are ingredients arranged

A

By decreasing order of predominance by weight (not dry matter basis)

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51
Q

What is the significance of splitting ingredients in an ingredient list

A

The same ingredient can be separated by fineness of grain

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52
Q

What is the nutritional adequacy statement

A

A statement indicating what life cycle the food is intended for and that it has been substantiated by one of 2 AAFCO methods either feeding trial or calculation

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53
Q

What must be included if a diet is for all life stages and why

A

If the diet includes large size dogs which is based on calcium

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54
Q

What is the family method with AAFCO statements

A

If the product is in a family (ex. Different flavor) and is comparable in nutritional adequacy then it doesn’t need separate testing

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55
Q

What does the caloric statement have to be in terms of for food and treats

A

On an as fed basis

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56
Q

What is a filler

A

Something in a diet with no nutritional benefit- corn is not a filler

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57
Q

What percentage of minimum digestibility should a popular product have? A premium product

A

Minimum of 80% and minimum of 86%

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58
Q

What is the main food antioxidant

A

Vitamin E, but poor at stabilizing

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59
Q

What are some natural preservatives

A

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
Salts and esters of Vitamin C
Gamma and Delta- tocopherols

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60
Q

Feeding a food with preservatives is less risky than what

A

Feeding without- can go rancid

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61
Q

What are the 3 steps for nutritional assessment of an animal

A

1- assess the animal
2-assess the diet
3-assess the feeing practices

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62
Q

What are parameters to assess body condition score and what is it based on as a whole

A
  1. Ribs
  2. Waist
    3, Abdominal tuck
  3. Tail base
    Assesses body amount of body fat
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63
Q

What is the age exception in terms of BCS

A

Kittens and puppies lack an abdominal tuck

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64
Q

What is the ideal body fat percentage

A

19-32%

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65
Q

What is the other way of accessing the bodies of animals

A

Muscle Condition Score (MCS)

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66
Q

What do you palpate for a MCS

A

The lumbar spine, the skull, scapulae, and the pelvic bones

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67
Q

Scoring of muscle mass

A

Normal, mild, moderate, severe

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68
Q

How do you calculate resting energy requirement (RER)

A

70(BW in kg)^0.75 or 70+(30xbw in kg)

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69
Q

RER vs. MER

A

Both take into account energy needed for obtaining, digesting, and absorbing food in amounts to maintain body weight but also MER take into account the energy needed for spontaneous activity

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70
Q

How to calculate MER in adult dogs and cats

A

1.4-1.8 x RER
1.0-1.4 x RER
Neutered are in the middle

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71
Q

MER for puppies

A

<4 months 3 x RER

>4 months 2 x RER

72
Q

MER for kittens

A

2.5 x RER or free choice

73
Q

Hungry vs. Appetite

A

Sensations associated with the physical need for food and the desire to eat

74
Q

When do each puppy size reach skeletal maturity

A

Small breeds- 6 months
Larger breeds- 10-12 months
Giant breeds- 24 months

75
Q

Types of feeding for puppies

A

ad lib- not recommended
Time restricted- theoretically so they won’t over eat
Volume restricted feeding- preferred method

76
Q

Is digestability important for puppies

A

Definitely! They have a lot of energy requirements and a limited stomach capacity

77
Q

What level of nutrients are the “all life stages” foods at

A

The highest potential need so growth and repro

78
Q

What special requirements must food for large and giant breeds have and why

A

Need diets lower in energy, calcium, and vitamin D compared to standard puppy diets because developmental orthopedic disease is a concern

79
Q

What is the maximum amount of calcium a giant breed puppy food should have

A

1.8% DMB

80
Q

What are risk factors for DOD (developmental orthopedic diseases)

A

Genetics, nutrition, and environment

81
Q

Does increased protein intake cause developmental orthopedic diseases

A

No

82
Q

What is the maximum amount of phosphorus a giant breed puppy food should have

A

1.6

83
Q

What is the maximum the calcium/phosphorus ratio should be for a giant breed puppy food and what is the optimum

A

2: 1

1. 2:1 or 1.4:1

84
Q

What are the nutrition risk factors for giant breed puppies

A

Deficiencies or excess of energy, calcium, phosphorus, Vitamin D
Don’t change to adult food too quickly

85
Q

What fatty acid helps with neural development

A

DHA- helps with visual acuity and avoid adverse changes in learning behaviors

86
Q

What is a source of DHA and EPA

A

Fish oils

87
Q

What can synthesize DHA from ALA

A

Only puppies for the first few weeks of life

88
Q

What has been shown that DHA supplementation can create

A

A smarter and more trainable puppy

89
Q

What effect does spaying and neutering have on energy requirements

A

Lowers them

90
Q

What are the feeding requirements on bags of dog food in terms of

A

Current body weight

91
Q

For nutritional purposes what are dogs and cats

A

Dogs are omnivores and cats are carnivores

92
Q

Do dogs have a dietary requirement for carbohydrates

A

No but it helps prevent loss of other nutrients through gluconeogenesis

93
Q

What lifestage is carbohydrates conditionally essential

A

Growth, gestation, lactation

94
Q

How does cooking affect starches

A

Improves digestibility and helps prevent flatulence and diarrhea

95
Q

Excluding moisture what is the highest percent nutrient in most diets

A

Carbohydrates

96
Q

What is the AAFCO recommended minimum of fat for adult maintenance for dogs

A

5.5%

97
Q

What does a deficiency of linoleic acid cause

A

Dry itchy skin, dermatitis, luterluss hair coat

98
Q

What is the AAFCO recommended minimum of protein for adult maintenance for dogs

A

18%, and it must provide the right balance of amino acids

99
Q

In dogs they can convert beta carotene into what

A

Vitamin A (cats can’t)

100
Q

What type of fuel is needed for short, intense work and why

A

Carbohydrates because the energy is derived anaerobically from fast-twitch fibers

101
Q

What type of fuel is needed for endurance racing and why

A

Fatty acids and carbohydrates to a point- uses aerobic slow twitch fibers
Need a diet above maintenance that is well digestible, energy-dense, and high-fat

102
Q

When do you want to feed the largest meal to endurance racing dogs

A

After the days training session

103
Q

How do you feed on race day

A

2-4 hours before the race feed half of the caloric requirements

104
Q

What is a risk for hunting dogs

A

Hypoglycemia because of no conditioning- change to performance diet 3-4 weeks prior to hunting and condition dog
Also feed half of caloric intake 2-4 hours before the hunt

105
Q

Carb loading may cause what and why

A

Exertional rhabdomylosis because of rapid anaerobic metabolism of muscle due to lactic acid production

106
Q

What does ambient temperature increase energy requirement by

A

1.5-2.2

107
Q

How does cold weather affect energy requirements

A

Increases it by 50% but MER affected by size, hair coat, shelter, wind, etc.

108
Q

How does hot weather compare to cold and ambient in terms of energy requirements

A

It is somewhere in between ambient and cold weather

109
Q

What is the maximum life span for dogs

A

27 years

110
Q

What is the average lifespan for dogs

A

13 years

111
Q

What is exceptional longevity defined as

A

30% above average life expectancy

112
Q

How old is a senior dog defined as

A

7 years

113
Q

What affects does aging have

A

Decrease metabolic rate, lean body tissue (muscle), total body water, and an increase in body fat

114
Q

Why does the metabolic rate slow with age

A

Muscle uses more energy than fat and with age you lose muscle mass and replace with fat

115
Q

What are the 3 leading causes of death in dogs

A

Cancer, Kidney disease, heart disease

116
Q

Older dogs require higher levels of what

A

Protein because of increased protein turnover and decreased protein synthesis

117
Q

How does water intake change with age

A

Older dogs may be more prone to dehydration

118
Q

How does aging affects bones

A

The cortices of long bones become thinner and osteoarthritis is more common in older animals

119
Q

What does glucosamine do

A

It is a building block of cartilage

120
Q

What does chondroitin sulfate do

A

Blocks enzymes that break down cartilage

121
Q

What is the most common disorder reported by vets

A

Dental disease

122
Q

What is dental plaque

A

Biofilm that forms on teeth and will harden within 48 hours and in 10 days becomes tarter

123
Q

Do dry diets help prevent tarter buildup

A

Not really, food shatters on tip of tooth

124
Q

What is sodium hexametaphosphate

A

Interferes with the mineralization of plaque and is in many diets now for dogs

125
Q

Who’s seal should you look for for credibility of product dental claims

A

Veterinary Oral Health Council (VOHC)

126
Q

What do both humans and dogs develop in their brains

A

Senile plaques

127
Q

What can be in diets to help with cognitive dysfunction

A

Antioxidants- vitamin E, C and lipoid acid also high in n-3 fatty acids and L-carnitine and taurine

128
Q

What can serve as a effective energy source for dogs’ brains

A

Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCT)

129
Q

What does Vitamin E and Beta-carotene help with

A

Immune function and reducing inflammation

130
Q

What is the AAFCO recommended minimum for feline adult maintenance of protein

A

26%

131
Q

What is the AAFCO recommended minimum for feline growth/repro of protein

A

30%

132
Q

Why do cats need more protein than dogs

A

Higher liver enzyme activity - transaminases and deaminases- cats cannot decrease the activity of the liver enzymes

133
Q

What amino acids do cats require

A

Arginine And Taurine

134
Q

What happens to cats without arginine

A

They are unable to break down ammonia to urea in the urea cycle

135
Q

What is taurine deficiency associated with

A

Reproductive failure, low birth weight kittens with developmental abnormalities, poor growth, dilated cardiomyopathy, compromised immune system

136
Q

What is the AAFCO recommended minimum for feline adult maintenance and growth and repro of fat

A

9%

137
Q

What are the essential fatty acids required in diet of adult cats

A

Linolaic and arachidonic

138
Q

What are the essential fatty acids required in diet of kittens

A

Linolaic and arachidonic and alpha-linolenic and EPA and DHA

139
Q

What are cats lacking to keep them from creating arachidonic acid

A

Delta-6-desaturase

140
Q

What vitamins must cats have in their diet

A

Vitamins A and D, niacin, pyridoxine (vitamin b6)

141
Q

When should you switch kittens to adult food

A

8-12 months

142
Q

What is the energy intake for growing kittens (MER)

A

2.5 x RER

143
Q

What has a higher minimum in kittens as recommended by AAFCO in terms of vitamins

A

Vitamins A and D

144
Q

What has a higher minimum in kittens as recommended by AAFCO in terms of minerals

A

Higher calcium and phosphorus

145
Q

What is a risk unique to cats if they do not consume enough calories

A

Fatty liver disease- hepatic lipidosis

146
Q

What is considered a geriatric aged cat

A

12 years

147
Q

Do older cats also need more protein

A

Yes

148
Q

Unlike dogs, older cats need higher levels of what in their diet

A

Fat

149
Q

Cats lack what and rely on what in replace of it to phosphorylate glucose

A

Lack glucokinase but have hexakinase instead

150
Q

Can cats digest carbohydrates

A

Yes if they are properly processed

151
Q

What is glucose production primarily from in cats

A

Gluconeogenic amino acids (proteins) and glycerol (fats)

Not carbohydrates

152
Q

Do most species produce salivary amylase

A

No most don’t, humans produce the most then pigs

153
Q

What type of diabetes is common in cats And what are the risk factors

A

Type 2 And risks are obesity and increasing age

154
Q

Obesity is what

A

A disease

155
Q

What percentage of dogs and cats are obese in 2018

A

Dogs- 55.8%

Cats- 59.5%

156
Q

What do we use to diagnose obesity in animals

A

Body Condition Score

157
Q

On the 9 point BCS what does each point change mean

A

Each point, after ideal, is a 5% increase in BF

158
Q

On the 5 point BCS what does each point change mean

A

Each point, after ideal, is 10% change in body fat

159
Q

What is the most common disease in animals

A

Obesity

160
Q

What are health risks associated with obesity

A

Decreased life expectancy, pulmonary disease, compromised immune function, type 2 diabetes (cats), cancer, joint problems, increased mortality after anesthesia, chronic inflammatory condition

161
Q

What produces adipokines and what do they do

A

White adipose tissue and they are cytokines causing inflammation

162
Q

What does leptin do

A

It decreases appetite and stimulates energy expenditure and it increases proinflammatory cytokines

163
Q

What happens in obese animals with leptin

A

The levels increase until the animal develops a resistance

164
Q

What is osteoarthritis described as

A

A syndrome characterized by the deterioration of articular cartilage, osteophyte formation, and bone remodeling

165
Q

Leptin plays a role in what

A

The development of osteoarthritis

166
Q

Osteoarthritis can be improved with what

A

Even modest weight loss

167
Q

How to calculate daily caloric requirements for dogs and cats

A

Dogs use RER (or 60% of MER)

Cats use 0.8 x RER (or 70% of MER)

168
Q

Do you use ideal or current body weight in calculations for caloric intake for weight loss cases

A

Use current body weight (within reason)

169
Q

If you decrease calories too much what can happen

A

Thyroid hormone production will be decreased which will decrease the metabolism and then once start eating at maintenance again can have a weight rebound

170
Q

How often should weight loss patients be weighed

A

Every 2 weeks

171
Q

Steps in obesity management protocol

A
  1. Correct and control underlying diseases
  2. Induce negative energy balance
  3. Calculate caloric requirements
  4. Choose appropriate diet
172
Q

How much of total caloric intake should treats make up

A

Less than 10%

173
Q

What percentage of body fat should animals on weight loss program loss a week

A

1%-2%

174
Q

What act makes sure food is safe for both people and animals

A

The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic act

175
Q

What is the NRC

A

a private, nonprofit organization that makes nutrient recommendations

176
Q

Is AAFCO a regulatory body and what do they do

A

no it is not but it establishes model animal feed regulations and ingredient definitions

Nutrition (1 decks)

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