Test 1 - Skills Flashcards
why is skill classification needed
to ensure the most appropriate method of practice is selected
what is the definition of a skill
the learned ability to bring about predetermined results with a minimum outlay of time, energy to both
what is a open skill
environment is unpredictable and changing
player must makes decisions before the skill is in progress
whats a closed skill
environment is predictable and unchanging
decision is made before executing the skill
what is a gross skill
large muscles are used eg weightlifting
what is a fine skill
smaller, intricate muscle groups eg shooting
what is a self paced skill
there performer controls the speed at which the skill is performed and when it is started
what is an externally paced skill
the performer has no control over the speed of the skill or when to start
what is a simple skill
requires very few decisions or thought during execution
what is a complex skill
requires many decisions before executing the skills and during the skills
what is a low organised skill
easily broken down into sub routines
what is a highly organised skill
not easily broken down into subroutines
what is a discrete skill
skill has a distinct beginning and end
one sharp action eg basketball free throw
what is a serial skill
several discrete skill linked together
eg a trampoline routine
what is a continuous skill
no clear beginning
the end of one cycle is often the start of the next eg front crawl swimming action
what are the three categories of things to consider when choosing how to practice
the task eg the nature of the skill, the physical and mental demands
the performer eg age, ability etc
the environment eg space available, time
what is whole practice
the task is presented in its entirety with sub routines in tact
what kind of skills is whole practice good for
fast
closed
simple
highly organised skills
advantages of whole practice
brings out realism
fluency
understanding
keeps links between sub routines
builds mental image
builds entire motor programmes
disadvantages of whole practice
can be too much info at once
could be beyond the capabilities of the performer
what is whole part whole practice
practice skill in its entirety
then isolate a part or weakness to work on before putting it back into the whole skill
advantages of whole part whole practice
used for skills with low organisation
good if performer has a weakness
gives feedback and error correction
helps to motivate and maintain the feel of a skill
good for serial skills eg a trampoline routine
disadvantages of whole part whole practice
must now how to do the skill to begin with
takes a long time to learn the skill and them improve each individual part
what is progressive part practice
when each part of the skill is added gradually
what skills is progressive part practice good for
serial
complex
dangerous
a new task
easily Brocken down
advantages of progressive part practice
good for building fitness for the entire routine
builds the fluency of the entire skill
good way of learning a routine without performer being overloaded
what is massed practice
a repeated practice of a skill where there are no or little recovery periods between blocks of practice
what kind of skills are good for massed practice
discrete
simple
closed
highly organised
self paced
advantages of massed practice
forms motor programs
increases fitness
enhance over learning
good for habitual responses
efficient
disadvantages of massed practice
no time for feedback
fatigue
to demanding (could lead to injury)
what is distributed practice
rest intervals between sessions
when should distributed practice be used
when the skill is
continuous
complex
low organised
seriel
externally paced
advantages of distributed practice
allows recovery
less mental pressure
allows mental rehearsal
reduces danger
disadvantages of distributed practice
time consuming
time maybe managed ineffectively as rest periods could be longer than working periods
may be boring
what is varied practice
a type of practice where the skills and drills are changed
when should varied practice be used
when the skill is
complex
open
externally paced
advantages of varied practice
gives motivation
allows adaption
builds a schema
disadvantages of varied practice
time consuming
possibility of a negative transfer
fatigue
too demanding
what is mental practice
going over the skill in your head without doing the movement
what are the two ways of mental practice
internal - emotions
external - mental picture of environment
advantages of mental practice
improves reaction time
builds motor programmes
builds confidence
controls anxiety
disadvantages of mental practice
environment must be calm
must be correct
what are the three stages of learning
cognitive stage
associative stage
autonomous stage
characteristics of the cognitive stage of learning
movement may lack coordination
may include mistakes
MOTOR PROGRAMME NOT DEVELOPED
trial and error may be used
performer needs to think while using feedback
characteristics of the associative stage of learning
MOTOR PROGRAMMES START TO BE FORMED
movement is smoother
practice is used to perfect movement
movements are compared to a more perfect model
characteristics of the autonomous stage of learning
MOTOR PROGRAMMES ARE FORMED
task completed with efficiency and attention to detail
expert level
movement may be second nature
what are some benefits of feedback
builds confidence/motivates
correct errors
makes the stimulus response bond stronger which makes skills habitual
gives reinforcement which promotes repetition
what is the difference between intrinsic feedback for autonomous learners and cognitive learners
both get intrinsic feedback but autonomous learners can understand and interpret it. cognitive learners cannot
how do you make feedback effective
give it immediately
make sure it is relevant and understood
make sure it is appropriate for the performer eg age, if beginner etc
what is positive transfer
the learning of one skill positively influences the learning of another
how to cause positive transfer
the coach can point out similarities
use positive reinforcement eg praise
point out similar information processing requirements
teach similar skills linked together
what is negative transfer
the learning of one skill inhibits the learning of another
what are the causes of negative transfer
misunderstadning
when a familiar stimulus requires a different response
skills appear similar but are not
how to prevent negative transfer
draw attention to differences
thoroughly learn skills
avoid teaching conflicting things together
do not overload
what is zero transfer
the learning of a skill has no impact on another
what is bilateral transfer
the transfer from one side of the body to another (eg left to right) eg kicking the ball with your right foot when you usually kick it with your left
