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Community Health (DENT 4512) > Test 1 Review (Units 1-3) > Flashcards

Test 1 Review (Units 1-3) Flashcards

1
Q

The extent to which an individual or group is able, on the one hand, to realize aspirations and satisfy needs; and, on the other hand, to change or cope with the environment (WHO, 1984)

A

Health

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2
Q

The effort that is organized by society to protect, promote, and restore the health and quality of life of the people

A

Community Health

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3
Q

The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental efficiency through the organized community effort

A

Public Health

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4
Q

The promotion of oral health and the prevention of dental disease including the control of dental disease through organized community efforts.

A

Dental Public Health

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5
Q

What are the 6 roles which the DH can have within public health?

A
  1. Clinician
  2. Corporate
  3. Researcher
  4. Educator
  5. Administrator
  6. Entrepreneur
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6
Q

What are the roles of public health?

A
  1. Prevent epidemics
  2. Protect against environmental hazards
  3. Prevent injuries
  4. Promote & encourage health behaviours
  5. Respond to disasters and assist in community recovery
  6. Assure the quality and accessibility of health services
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7
Q

How are the goals/roles of public health achieved?

A

Through health education, research, administration of programs and community efforts

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8
Q

What consists of a public health problem?

A

A condition or situation that is a widespread actual or potential cause of morbidity or mortality

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9
Q

What are some examples of public health problems?

A

Virus, water quality, caries rates

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10
Q

What are the 7 requirements for a solution within public health measures?

A
  1. Not hazard to life or function
  2. Effective in reducing or preventing the targeted disease or condition
  3. Easily and efficiently implemented
  4. Potency maintained for a substantial period of time
  5. Attainable regardless of SES or education
  6. Effective immediately upon application
  7. Inexpensive or within means of the community
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11
Q

What are some examples of public health solutions?

A

Vaccination programs, disease control, water/environment sanitation, fluoridation

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12
Q

What is population health?

A

The approach to health that aims to improve the health within a community

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13
Q

Who are the key players within public health?

A

All levels of government

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14
Q

What are the 3 core functions of public health?

A

Assessment, Policy Development, Assurance (APA).

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15
Q

Describe Assessment in Public Health

A

Regular and systematic collection analysis and dissemination of information on the health of community

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16
Q

Describe Policy Development in Public Health

A

Promoting the use of scientific knowledge in decision making, developing public health policy, and involves strategizing and using the political process

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17
Q

Describe Assurance in Public Health

A

Assure communities that services are available to meet health goals through regulation and/or direct delivery; guaranteed availability of high priority health services.

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18
Q

How much of Canada’s water supply is fluoridated?

A

38.7%

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19
Q

What province has the highest % of fl water and which has the lowest?

A

Highest = Ontario
Lowest = Newfoundland

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20
Q

What % of Ontario’s water is fl?

A

71.7%

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21
Q

What % of Newfoundland’s water is fl?

A

1.5%

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22
Q

Why is fluoride an ideal public health measure?

A

It is safe & effective, cost-effective, immediately effective & long lasting in its effects, available to all, and easy to implement

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23
Q

Who discovered the Colorado Brown Stain and what did they discover the cause to be?

A

Dr. F McKay (in collaboration w/ G.V black), discovered it was caused by an environmental agent that was active while the enamel was forming.

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24
Q

What did McKay discover about fl?

A

That it is known to be poisonous in high concentrations; but also the benefits.

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25
Q

What did Dr. Dean contribute to fl knowledge?

A

He developed a scale for measuring the severity of the condition, coining the term fluorosis.

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26
Q

What year was fl first added to drinking water?

A

1945

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27
Q

What was the first Canadian city/town to implement fluoridated water?

A

Brandford, ON

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28
Q

What is the optimal level of fl?

A

0.5-0.8 mg/L

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29
Q

Does the optimal level of fl ever change?

A

Yes, it is dependant on the mean annual temp. of the region.

30
Q

What is fl and how is it added?

A

FL is a naturally occurring mineral found in soil, water, and various foods. It is added through various chemical manufacturing processes.

31
Q

What are determinants of health?

A

Factors that interact to create circumstances & produce specific health conditions

32
Q

What are the 6 categories of health determinants?

A
  1. Genetic Endowment
  2. Environmental
  3. Health Services & System
  4. Productivity & Wealth
  5. Socioeconomic Status
  6. Lifestyle
33
Q

What is genetic endowment? Give an example.

A

Inherited predisposition to a wide range of individual responses that affect health status. Ex. Gender.

34
Q

Give examples of environmental factors

A

Contaminants in food, water, air, soil (causing adverse health effects)

35
Q

How does SES determine health?

A

Health status improves with income & social hierarchy; high income secures better living conditions and good food.

36
Q

What are the 5 population characteristics describing the Canadian population?

A
  1. Population & Size Growth
  2. Age Distribution
  3. Racial & Ethic Composition
  4. Geographic Distribution
  5. Economic Distribution
37
Q

Describe how age distribution affects the population

A

Increased numbers of all chronic conditions; increasing demand in all areas of health care, including dental.

38
Q

What percent of Canadian seniors do not visit the dental office?

A

44%

39
Q

What are the 2 largest growing provinces?

A

ON & BC

40
Q

What are the 2 most populous provinces?

A

On & QC

41
Q

Differentiate between needs, demands, and utilization.

A

Needs: determined by a professional, a problem has been identified
Demand: is related to the perception of need & desire to receive treatment, client determines
Utilization: dependant on cost, insurance is a factor

42
Q

How is gender associated with the use of dental services?

A

Women attend more frequently than men; it is a constant over time and in all countries.

43
Q

How is age associated with the use of dental services?

A

Peak ages of dental use have been teenage years, slowly decreasing with age.

44
Q

How is SES associated with the use of dental services?

A

Higher SES, greater use of dental services.

45
Q

How is general health associated with the use of dental services?

A

People who consider themselves in excellent health are the most frequent users. (More motivation, less barriers to care)

46
Q

What is the typical user of dental services?

A

Female, college educated, higher income bracket, suburbanite, in good health, has dental insurance.

47
Q

How does public health differ from private practice? What does it involve?

A

The community is our client. Involves assessment, program planning, implementation, and evaluation.

48
Q

What is assessment in public health?

A

The part of the DH process of care that carefully analyzes the program’s target group and resources.

49
Q

Define assessment in public health

A

The regular and systematic collection, assemblage, and analysis of data and communication regarding the health of the community.

50
Q

What is a needs assessment?

A

A way of gathering information about a community’s opinions, needs, challenges, and assets used to determine which project(s) will meet the real needs of the community.

51
Q

What is gathered in a needs assessment?

A

Needs, interests, resources.

52
Q

What are the common oral diseases that can be assessed from a population?

A

Caries, perio, edentulous, oral cancer, soft tissue lesions, craniofacial anomalies, malocclusion, orofacial injuries, TMJ disorders.

53
Q

What are the 5 roles/goals of the DH in the assessment phase?

A
  • Work with communities to form partnerships
  • Gather data about health related issues
  • Identify health issues and resources
  • Implement solutions to community health problems
  • Utilize data and evaluate outcomes of public health policies and interventions
54
Q

What are the steps in the assessment cycle?

A
  1. Plan community oral health assessment
  2. Implement assessment
  3. Evaluate (if we aren’t satisfied, start over)
  4. Plan improvement strategy
  5. Implement strategy
  6. Evaluate strategy
55
Q

What is survey research?

A

The use of a survey method to collect data directly from respondents regarding facts, knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours of interest to researcher, and the analysis of these data using quantitative methods.

56
Q

What can be collected by these surveys?

A
57
Q

Describe the characteristics of survey research

A

Participants, Survey, and Stats

(Large, randomly chosen sample)
(Systemic Instrument)
(Quantitative analysis)

58
Q

What are the components in developing a survey?

A

Planning, administration, analysis

59
Q

Describe strengths & weaknesses of survey research

A

Strengths:
- Good for large populations
- Accountability
- Suitable for a wide range of topics
- Efficient

Weaknesses:
- Sampling
- Some topics are not amenable to measurement
- Context of setting
- Limitations

60
Q

How do we construct good survey questions?

A

Good questions are:
- Understandable as the researcher intended
- Administered consistently
- Communicated consistently
- Reliable and valid

61
Q

Public health is credited with the dramatic increase in the average lifespan because which of the following?

a) Vaccinations
b) Safety policies
c) Tobacco cessation legislation
d) All of the above

A
62
Q

There are numerous criteria which present when creating public health solutions. What is the exception?

a) Accessible to the entire population
b) Low cost
c) Hard to obtain
d) Immediately effective

A

Hard to obtain

63
Q

Which of the following is a role of the DH who causes a social, cultural, or behavioural change?

a) Coalition
b) Change agent
c) Lobbyist
d) Grant writer

A

b) Change agent

64
Q

What is necessary to create change as a role for the DH?

a) Influencing individual who govern policy
b) Increasing an organization’s financial status
c) Redesigning a public health facility
d) All of the above

A
65
Q

What does CHMS stand for?

A

Canadian Health Measures Survery

66
Q

The face of the population is ever changing. It can be influenced by which of the following traits?

a) Income
b) Language
c) Education
d) All of the above

A

All of the above

67
Q

Approx. which percentage of people are living in Canada who have fl water?

a) 30.4
b) 64.6
c) 75.1
d) 38.7

A

38.7

68
Q

One of the following is an INCORRECT statement about water fluoridation. Please choose.

a) Has been shown to be effective against dental decay
b) Is relatively expensive to administer
c) Requires no individual effort
d) Is a safe measure against caries

A

b) Is relatively expensive to administer

69
Q

Mr and Mrs Jones and their children ages 4 and 6 are moving to Watertown, New York during the winter break. Their new community has fluoridated water. How many parts mg/Lof fluoride should be present in the Jones’ drinking water?

a) 0.3 to 0.7
b) 0.5 to 0.8
c) 0.5 to 0.9
d) 0.7 to 1.2

A

b) 0.5 to 0.8

70
Q

What has been recognized as an unmet need in Canada?

a) Geriatric awareness
b) Oral health
c) Access to health care
d) All of the above

A

d) All of the above

Community Health (DENT 4512) (1 decks)

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