Test 1 review Items (Uncategorized) Flashcards
what do prokaryotes have in replace of organelles? why are they not considered organelles?
inclusion bodies
store nutrients, metabolic end products, energy building blocs
they are not organelles because they are not membrane bound
carbon storage inclusions
PHB, glycogen
phosphate storage inclusions
polyphosphate granules (Volutin)
cyanophycin granules store…
amino acids
magnetosomes
possessed by aquatic bacteria
serve purpose to orient
use earth’s ion to orient
gas vacuoles
provide buoyancy in gas vesicles
cell walls found in bacteria are composed of
peptidoglycan/muerin
True or false
Peptidoglycan cell walls are characteristic of Gram + cells alone.
False
BOTH have peptidoglycan
psuedomuerin
component of archea cell walls
methods of bacterial reproduction
binary fission (majority)
sporulation
fragmentation
cell walls of eukaryotes are composed of
polysaccharides
mitotic spindle is made up of
microtubules (have cytoskeletal elements)
only eukaryotes
cytoskeletal elements are present in bacteria
true or false?
true
homologs of microtubules in eukaryotes
compare phospholipids of cell walls between 3 domains
Bacteria/Eukaryotes: Ester Bond, bilayer
Archea: ether bonds, some have monolayer (thanks to tetra ethers)
what do eukaryotes have in their cell membranes that give protection?
sterols
bacteria replacement for sterols
hopanoids
lysosomes
digestion, essential to disease process
fuses to phagocytic cells and catalyzes its breakdown
what is the main difference between bacteria and eukaryotic ribosomes?
size
function is the same
ribosome function
sites of protein synthesis
what is the bacterial subunit in ribosomes?
70s
80s is characteristic of ribosomes for what?
eukaryotes
Svedburg
subunits of bacterial ribosomes
16s (small subunit)
23s and 5s (large subunit)
what is characteristic of the 16s subunit?
recognizes shine delgarnö sequence (important for initiation of translation)
what function does the 23s subunit have?
transpeptidation reaction
forming peptide bond
what is common between gram + and -
both have cell wall
periplasmic space (larger in gram -)
Gram + is unique for
teichoic acids
two forms– one holds layers together
lipotiechoic anchors it to membrane
Gram -
outermsmbrane
has Lipid Polysaccharide Lipid A (endotoxin) Pores (porin proteins)
2 carriers of peptidoglycan synthesis
UDP and Bactoprenol
UDP
activated sugar, binds to carry the NAM/NAG
Charges NAGs and NAMS (allow to build that NAG-NAM structure)
shuttles NAM or NAG to membrane
where does peptidoglycan synthesis occur in the cell
cytoplasm (inside cell)
bactoprenol
shuttles NAG/NAM across membrane to outside of cell
Components outside of cell wall
Glycocalyx forms capsules and slime layers, S layers, biofilms outside of cell
form of Glycocalyx that is loosely associated, less firmly attached and less organized
slime layer
form of Glycocalyx that is firmly attached and beta organized
capsules
important functions of capsules
protects cell from phagocytic cells
obscures glycoproteins that would serve as flags to the host immune system
endospore
complex, dormant structure formed by bacteria in harsh, dry conditions or nutrient deprivation
sends signal to alter gene expression to make alternative sigma factors
replication in genome for survival
resistant to environment
Motility
4 mechanisms
flagellar movement (liquid)
spirochete motility (liquid)
twitching (solid)
gliding (solid)
a run is what rotation of flagella
counter clockwise
a lot of attractants are present, flagella
do a random walk that oscillates between run and tumble
spirochete motility
corkscrew shape exhibits flexing and spinning movements
one single axil fibril
