TEST 1 REVIEW Flashcards
T/F: the majority of pharmaceuticals are produced synthetically so that we have a safer product
TRUE
what is the key factor which differentiates a “drug” from a “poison”?
the amount of the compound needed to harm
how many methods will veterinarians use to come to a diagnosis? what are they?
- diagnostic
- empirical
- symptomatic
what is the correct order of processes which happen to a drug once it has been administered?
- absorption
- distribution
- localisation
- metabolization/biotransformation
- excretion
if a drug becomes protein-bound while in plasma, what does it become?
inactive
“the degree to which a drug is absorbed and reaches systemic circulation” describes what part of a drug’s role in the body?
its bioavailability
where does most drug excretion occur?
kidneys
define potency
the amount of drug needed to produce a desired response
define efficacy
the degree to which a drug binds/produces desired effect
define affinity
the tendency of a drug to combine with a receptor
T/F: the majority of drugs are highly selective and result in a single effect
false
will a drug with a “narrow” margin of safety have a high or low therapeutic index?
will have a high therapeutic index; takes a higher dose/concentration of the drug to reach MIC so there is a more narrow margin of safety associated
do multidose vials contain preservatives?
yes
the vet asks you to get the largest gauge needle available at your work station; you find a 20 gauge and a 16 gauge - which do you bring to the vet?
the 16 gauge; as bore size increases, the number of the gauge decreases
what route of administration has the fastest onset of action?
intravenous
how much does a tuberculin syringe hold?
1.0 mL of medication
enrofloxacin is a drug compound commonly known as __________
Baytril
ampicillin is a drug compound commonly known as _______
Ampilean
Polymixin B + neomycin are drug compounds commonly known as ____
Aerosporin
cefazolin is a drug compound commonly known as _______
Kefzol
how does inflammation affect the opportunity for a drug to cross into a site of infection?
inflammation increases the opportunity
which penicillin must NEVER be administered intravenously?
Penicillin G Procaine (+/- Penicillin G Benzathine)
T/F: Amoxicillin drugs have excellent absorptive action from GI tract
true
do penicillins administered IV have a short or long half life? how many times would you have to administer per day?
short half life; 4-6 times per day
what type of byproduct are cephalosporin drugs?
fungal
T/F: cephalosporins are susceptible to beta-lactamase
true
which two generations of cephalosporins are intended for parenteral use ONLY?
1st generation
3rd generation
T/F: an animal that is known to be sensitive to penicillin drugs may be safely treated with a cephalosporin class drug
true
T/F: Cefa-tabs are a 1st gen cephalosporin best administered with food
true
T/F: chloramphenicols can be used safely in food-producing animals
false; chloramphenicols are 100% synthetic and may not be used in food production animals
why must chloramphenicols be handled with caution by humans?
they can cause problems that lead to kidney failure (nephrotoxic!!)
what does it mean when a drug has the ability to chelate? which class of antimicrobials has this ability?
the drug becomes bound (to ions) in the solution and will precipitate out; tetracyclines
what may happen if tetracyclines are given to young animals?
yellowing of the teeth
which category of drug is considered to be nephrotoxic, ototoxic AND neurotoxic?
bacitracins
what is the active ingredient in Antirobe?
clindamycin
which common drug product should not be used in young animals due to its interference with cartilage/joint growth?
Baytril
what is the advantage of using the antifungal medication Panalog?
it is effective in 3 ways; anti-inflammatory, antipruritic and antibacterial
what is the active ingredient in Flagyl?
metrondiazole
what does an antagonist drug do?
blocks another drug from combining with a receptor
99.9% of ________ occurs in the liver
biotransformation
T/F: a drug with a HIGH therapeutic index is very unsafe
FALSE; a high therapeutic index means that a much higher dose would need to be administered to reach a toxic concentration (this creates a larger margin of safety)
T/F: scored tablets do not have uniform drug content
false
T/F: after completely depressing the plunger of an insulin syringe, there will be no dead space containing excess drug
true! insulin syringes have no dead space
T/F: a lipid soluble drug tends to move out of the plasma and into the interstitial fluid
true
what problems can occur when a drug mobilizes back into blood from a storage site?
potential threat for toxicity; no way to know the concentration of the metabolite that exited storage - this would add to the concentration of any successive doses
T/F: a drug with high bioavailability will be found in low concentrations in general circulation
false; the concentration would also be high in general circulation because it is easily dispersed/absorbed
what are 3 natural barriers for pharmacokinetics?
- placenta
- blood/brain barrier
- eye
define an agonist drug
a drug with a high level of affinity and a high level of efficacy
what is the first pass effect?
drugs administered orally are absorbed in the GI tract and sent to liver to metabolize via the hepatic portal vein; after the liver, the metabolized drug reenters the GI
why should we be cautious about concurrent medications that share the same route of excretion?
potential for a toxic level accumulation due to overloaded kidney and “traffic jam” in tubules
define therapeutic index
the amount of drug it takes to reach toxic levels of concentration
T/F: it is better to have a low therapeutic index
false; high is better
how would you calculate therapeutic index?
lethal dose/effetive dose
what 3 factors contribute to antimicrobial resistance?
- incorrect dose
- incorrect duration of treatment
- incorrect choice of antimicrobial
what clinical state hinders a drug’s ability to reach a desired site?
abscess
T/F: inflammation does not aid a drug reaching the desired site
false; inflammation AIDS a drug in reaching the desired site
what is a beta-lactamase resistant penicillin?
penicillin is resistant to the enzyme produced by bacteria in attempt to inactivate the drug
T/F: Ampicillin is a potentiated penicillin
false; Clavamox is a potentiated penicillin
what is the most common route of administration for cephalosporins?
parenteral (injection)
what is the key step in order for potentiated antibiotics to be effective?
both the drug and potentiating compound must reach the desired site at the same time to reach proper MIC
sulfasalazine is an antimicrobial drug; what other effect does it have? what area of the body does this apply to?
antiinflammatory effect; colon - when given orally only 1/3 of the drug is absorbed and 2/3 remain in the colon producing an antiinflammatory effect
T/F: bacitracins are similar to penicillins and are susceptible to beta-lactamase
false
bacitracins are usually reserved for one route of administration - what is it and why?
topically; very nephrotoxic
it is not safe to administer fluoroquinolones to dogs of what age?
8 months or less
what is the unique feature of fluoroquinolones?
they exhibit a post-antibiotic effect
T/F: depending on the dose, chloramphenicals can be both bacteriostatic and bactericidal
true
why is Neomycin only administered orally?
it is toxic if given systemically (aminoglycoside)
