Test 1 Review Flashcards
The obligation to treat all patients fairly
Justice
Pertaining to the speed of impulse transmission in the heart.
Dromotrophy
A competent adult patients right to determine what happens to his own body
Autonomy
The obligation not to harm the patient.
Nonmaleficence
The principle of doing good work for the patient.
Beneficence
Ethics as applied to the human body.
Bioethics
Governing body of EMS?
Department of Transportation (DOT)
Movement of molecules through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration
Diffusion
Principle buffer of the body
Bicarbonate
The only artery in the body that carries deoxygenated blood
Pulmonary Artery
Most prevalent Cation in extracellular fluid, water follows it.
Sodium
Law created by congress
Legislative
Legal responsibility
Liability
Second stage of stress
Resistance
What are the 2 types of extracellular fluid?
Interstitial and intravascular
What is the normal pH of the body?
7.35 to 7.45
The termination of paramedic to patient relationship without assurance that equal or greater care will continue
Abandonment
What is an EMS provider using pharmacology and cardiology?
Paramedic
Ancillary health care professionals apart from physicians and nurses
Allied health professional
Medical policies, procedures and practices available to providers on-line or off-line
Medical direction
Recognition granted to an individual who has met predetermined qualifications to participate in a certain activity
Certification
Conduct or qualities that characterize a practitioner in a particular field or occupation
Professionalism
Equipment used to protect against injury and spread of infectious disease
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
Cleaning with an agent that can kill some microorganisms on the surface of an object
Disinfecting
Social, religious, or personal standards of right and wrong
Morals
Consent for treatment for patient who is mentally, physically or emotionally unable to grant consent
Implied consent
Biggest factor a paramedic should consider when faced with an ETHICAL situation
What’s best for the patient
Injuring a persons character or name by false statements that are SPOKEN
Slander
Number of major food groups
5
Form of osmotic pressure exerted by large protein particles or colloids in plasma, in capillaries, plasma colloids pull water from interstitial space
Oncotic Force
H20 + CO2 (H2 CO3)
Carbonic Acid
Ventilation down, CO2 up and PH down
Respiratory Acidosis
Ventilation up, CO2 down (carbonic acid), PH up =
Respiratory Alkalosis
Erythrocyte is?
Red blood cells
Erythropoietin produced in the kidneys and stimulates bone marrow production of red blood cells
Erythropoiesis
Only white blood cell in immune response?
Lymphocyte
The first phase of hemostasis?
Vascular spasms
In the pancrease, microscopic dusters of endocrine tissue for maintaining blood glucose is?
Islets of Langerhans
The part of the autonomic nervous system that responds to stress is?
Sympathetic
Cellular death is?
Apoptosis or necrosis
The hearts inner most layer, lines chambers and bathed in blood is?
Endocardium
Provides a pause for the heart to fill?
AV node (slows conduction)
The greater the stretch the greater the contraction =
Starlings law of the Heart
Functional unit of the lungs is?
Alveolus
How many liters of water do the kidneys filter a day?
180 liters
B2 is ?
Bronchodilator
Pancreas alpha cells?
Glucagon
What type of solution pushes water out of cells?
Hypertonic
Primary IV solution prehospital is?
Crystalloids
Inadequate perfusion is?
Shock
Interruption of nerve impulse to arteries with loss of tone and dilation and relative hypovolemia is ?
Neurogenic shock
A marker on the surface of a cell that identifies it as “self” or “nonself” is ?
Antigen
Constriction of afferent Arteriole is?
High filtration rate
A paramedics ethical responsibilities are?
- promptly respond to the needs of every patient
- treat all patients and their families with courtesy and respect
- maintain mastery of skills and medical knowledge
- participate in continuing education and training
- critically review your performance
- report honestly with respect for PT confidentiality
- work cooperatively with & respect other EMS professionals
A range of duties and skills paramedics are allowed and expected to perform
Scope of practice
Components of Negligence:
- duty to act
- Breech of duty
- actual damages
- proximate cause
Verbal, nonverbal, or written communication by a patient that wishes to receive medical care is?
Expressed consent
Consent for treatment that is given based on full disclosure of information is?
Informed consent
The patients granting of permission for treatment is?
Consent
The act of injuring a persons character, name or reputation by false statements in WRITING
Libel
An act that unlawfully places a person in apprehension of immediate bodily harm without his consent is?
Assault
The unlawful touching of another individual without his consent is?
Battery
A legal document, usually signed by the patient and physician that indicates to medical personnel any life sustaining measures should be taken when the patients heart or respiratory functions have ceased
DNR
The supplying of oxygen and nutrients to the body tissue as a result of the constant passage of blood through the capillaries is?
Perfusion
Inadequate perfusion of the body tissue is?
Hypoperfusion
What are the three components of the circulatory system?
- the pump (heart)
- the fluid (blood)
- the container (blood vessels)
The ratio of blood pumped from the ventricle to the amount remaining at the end of diastole is?
Ejection fraction
The amount of blood ejected by the heart in one cardiac contraction is?
Stroke volume
The factors affecting stroke volume is?
- preload
- cardiac contractility
- afterload
The pressure within the ventricles at the end of diastole is?
Preload
The force of the strength of a contraction of the heart is?
Cardiac contractile force
The resistance against which the heart must pump is?
Afterload
The amount of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute is?
Cardiac output
The tension exerted by blood against the arterial walls is?
Blood pressure
The resistance of the vessels to the flow of blood is?
Peripheral vascular resistance
A membrane enclosing a thick fluid and a nucleus is?
Cell
The outer covering of a cell is?
Cell membrane
Able to allow some but not all substances to pass through?
Semipermeable
The thick fluid that fills a cell is?
Cytoplasm
Structures that perform specific functions within a cell?
Organelles
The organelle within a cell that contains DNA is?
Nucleus
A high energy compound present in all cells especially muscle cells is?
Adenosine Triphosphate ( ATP )
A group of cells that perform a similar function is?
Tissue
The protective tissue that lines internal and external body tissue is?
Epithelial tissue
The tissue that transmits electrical impulses throughout the body is?
Nerve tissue
The most abundant body tissue is?
Connective tissue
The tissue that is capable of contraction when stimulated is?
Muscle tissue
A group of organs that work together is?
Organ system
The sum of all the cells, tissue, organs and organ system of a living being is?
Organism
A group of tissue function together is?
Organ
Body layer beneath the dermis is?
Subcutaneous tissue
The glands within the dermis secreting sebum is?
Sebaceous glands
True skin, it is the layer of tissue producing the epidermis and housing the structures, blood vessels and nerves normally associated with the skin is?
Dermis
Fatty secretion of the sebaceous gland that helps keep the skin pliable and waterproof is?
Sebum
Outer most layer of the skin comprised of dead or dying cells is?
Epidermis
Normal tension in a cell is?
Turgor
Excessive loss of body fluid is?
Dehydration
A substance that dissolves other substances, forming a solution is?
Solvent
The fluid in body tissue that is outside the vascular system is?
Interstitial fluid
The fluid within the circulatory system is?
Intravascular Fluid
The fluid outside the body cells is?
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
The fluid inside the body cells is?
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
The total amount of water in the body at a given time is?
Total body water (TBW)
The structure of an organism or body structure is?
Anatomy
The functions of an organism?
Physical and chemical process of a living thing.
Physiology
The natural tendency of the body to maintain a steady and normal internal environment is?
Homeostasis
The total changes that take place during physiological process is?
Metabolism
Body mechanisms that work to reverse or compensate for a pathophysiological process is?
Negative feedback loop
A substance that, in water, separates into electrically charged particles is?
Electrolyte
To separate or break down?
Dissociate
A charged particle is?
Ion
Ion with a positive charge is?
Cation
Ion with a negative charge is?
Anion
A substance that tends to preserve or restore a normal acid-base balance by increasing or decreasing the concentration of hydrogen Ions is?
Buffer
Equal in concentration of solute molecules is?
Isotonic
Having a greater concentration of solute molecules is?
Hypertonic
The difference in concentration between solutions on opposite sides of a semipermiable membrane is?
Osmotic gradient
The movement of molecules through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration is?
Diffusion
The passage of a solvent such as water through a membrane is?
Osmosis
Movement of a substance through a cell membrane against the osmotic gradient is?
Active transport
A low concentration of hydrogen ions, A pH above 7.45 is?
Alkalosis
A high concentration of hydrogen ions, A pH below 7.35
Acidosis
Abbreviation for “Potential of Hydrogen”, A measure of relative Acidity or Alkalinity
pH
The pressure exerted by the concentration of solutes on one side of a membrane is?
Osmotic pressure
Diffusion of a substance such as a glucose through a cell membrane that requires the assistance of a “helper” or carrier protein is?
Facilitated diffusion
Small perforations of the long bones through which the blood vessels and nerves travel into the bone itself?
Haversian Canal
Bone - forming cell found in the bone matrix that helps maintain the bone is?
Osteocyte
Cell that helps in the creation of new bone during growth and bone repair is?
Osteoblast
Clot formation, which is extremely dangerous when it occurs in coronary arteries or cerebral vasculature is?
Thrombosis
The process through which plasmin dismantles a blood clot is?
Fibrinolysis
The combined mechanisms that work to prevent or control blood loss is?
Hemostasis
Blood platelet?
Thrombocyte
White blood cell is called?
Leukocyte
The packed cell volume of red blood cells per unit of blood is?
Hematocrit
Destruction of red blood cells is?
Hemolysis
The process of producing red blood cells is?
Erythropoiesis
Oxygen bearing molecule in the red blood cells is?
Hemoglobin
Red blood cell?
Erythrocyte
Thick pale yellow fluid that makes up the liquid part of the blood is?
Plasma
The hormone responsible for red blood cell production is?
Erythropoietin
The process through which pluripotent stem cells differentiate into various types of blood cells is?
Hematopoiesis
Body system having to do with the production and development of blood cells is?
Hematopoietic system
- Release of hypothalamic hormones
- Secretions of hormones regulating endocrine activity
Pituitary Gland
The centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions and hormone production is?
Hypothalamus
The relay and processing centers for sensory information is?
Thalamus
Covered by the cerebrum, is sometimes called the interbrain?
Diencephalon
This is in the anterior and middle area of the cranium?
Cerebrum
The Jawbone?
Mandible
Bone of the upper jaw?
Maxilla
The cheekbone?
Zygoma
The pressure moving blood through the brain?
Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)
The lower portion of the brainstem containing the respiratory, cardiac and vasomotor centers is?
Medulla Oblongata
process of tissue responsible for the communication interchange between the cerebellum, the cerebrum, midbrain and spinal cord is?
Pons
The switching station between the pons and the cerebrum in the brain is?
Thalamus
The portion of the brain important for controlling certain metabolic activities including the regulation of body temperature is?
Hypothalamus
The portion of the brain connecting the pons and cerebellum with the cerebral hemispheres is?
Midbrain
The part of the brain connecting the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord is?
Brainstem
The portion of the brain located dorsally to the pons and medulla oblongata is?
Cerebellum
The largest part of the brain?
Cerebrum
The fluid surrounding and bathing the brain and spinal cord is?
Cerebrospinal Fluid
The middle layer of the meninges is?
Arachnoid membrane
Tough layer of the meninges firmly attached to the interior of the skull and interior of the spinal cord is?
Dura mater
Three membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord is?
Meninges
Pressure exerted on the brain by the blood and cerebrospinal fluid is?
Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
Vault-like portion of the skull encasing the brain is?
Cranium
Connective tissue sheet covering the superior aspect of the cranium is?
Galea Aponeurotica
The brain occupies what percent of the cranium?
80% of the interior cranium
The center for long-term memory, hearing, speech, taste and smell is?
The temporal region
Bone cell that absorbs and removes excess bone is?
Osteoclast
Structures through which blood vessels enter and exit the bone shaft is?
Perforating canals
Hollow shaft found in long bones is?
Diaphysis
End of a long bone, including the epiphyseal or growth plate and supporting structures underlying the joint is?
Epiphysis
Growth zone of a bone, active during the development stages of youth is?
Metaphysis
The tough exterior covering of a bone is?
Periosteum
Connective tissue providing the articular surfaces of the skeletal system is?
Cartilage
Joint that does not permit movement is?
Synarthrosis
Bending motion that reduces the angle between articulating elements is?
Flexion
Bending motion that increases the angle between articulating elements is?
Extension
Movement of a body part toward the midline is?
Adduction
Movement of a body part away from the midline is?
Abduction
Connective tissue that connects bone to bone and holds joints together is?
Ligaments
Bones of the head, thorax and spine are?
Axial skeleton
Bones of the extremities, shoulder girdle and pelvis are?
Appendicular skeleton
Small bundle of muscle fibers?
Fasciculus
Attachments of a muscle to a bone that does not move when the muscle contracts is?
Origin
Attachment of a muscle to a bone that moves when the muscle contracts is?
Insertion
The posterior and inferior, for sight is?
The Occipital region
The superior and posterior, directs motor and sensory, memory and emotions is?
The parietal region
is anterior and determines personality.
Frontal region of the brain
The three major structures of the brain essential the human function?
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- brainstem
Ability of muscle cells to contract or shorten.
Contractility
Pacemaker cells capability of self depolarization is?
Automaticity
Ability of the cells to propagate the electrical impulse from one cell to another is?
Conductivity
Ability of the cells to respond to an electrical stimulus is?
Excitability
The return of a cell to its pre-excitation resting state is?
Repolarization
The stimulation of myocardial cells is?
Action potential
The normal electrical state of cardiac cells is?
Resting potential
A group of cardiac muscle cells that physiologically functions as a unit is?
Syncytium
Specialized bands of tissue inserted between myocardial cells that increase the rate in which the action potential is spread from cell to cell is?
Intercalated discs
The period of the cardiac cycle when the myocardium is contracting is?
Systole
The period of time when the myocardium is relaxed is?
Diastole
The period of time from the end of one cardiac contraction to the end of the next is?
Cardiac Cycle
The only veins in the body that carry oxygenated blood are?
Pulmonary Veins
Connects the valves leaflets to the papillary muscles is?
Chordae Tendineae
Decreases blood glucose?
Insulin
Increases blood glucose?
Glucagon
Is responsible for controlling vegetative functions such as normal heart rate and blood pressure is what?
AKA, Feed or breed system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Prepares the body for stressful situation?
AKA fight or flight
Sympathetic nervous system
- Voluntary (Somatic)
- involuntary (Autonomic)
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic
Peripheral nervous system
Topographical region of the body surface innervated by one nerve root is?
Dermatome
Central nervous system pathway responsible for transmitting sensory input from the body to the brain is?
Spinal cord
Consist of the brain and spinal cord?
Central nervous system
A substance that is released from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron:
-Acetylcholine
or
-Norepinephrine
Neurotransmitter
principle buffer of the body?
Bicarbonate
Nerve Cell?
Neuron
Division of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for controlling vegetative functions is?
Parasympathetic nervous system
Division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for stressful situations is?
Sympathetic nervous system
Part of the nervous system controlling involuntary bodily functions is?
Autonomic nervous system
Part of the nervous system controlling voluntary bodily functions is?
Somatic nervous system
Part of the nervous system that extends throughout the body and is composed of the cranial nerves arising from the brain and the peripheral nerves arising from the spinal cord is?
Peripheral nervous system
The brain and the spinal cord?
Central nervous system
The large arteries and veins located in the mediastinum that enter and exit the brain is?
Great vessels
Central medial region of the lung where the bronchi and pulmonary vasculature enter the lung
Pulmonary Hilum
Union between Xiphoid process and body of the sternum is?
Xiphisternal Joint
Divisions of the vertebral Column:
- Cervicle spine - 7 vertebrae
- Thoracic spine - 12 vertebrae
- Lumbar spine - 5 vertebrae
- Sacral spine - 5 vertebrae
- Coccygeal spine - 4 vertebrae
prominence at the posterior part of a vertebrae is?
Spinous process
Bony outgrowth of the vertebral pedicle that serves as a site for muscle attachment and articulation with ribs is?
Transverse process
Posterior bones of a vertebra that help make up the foramen or opening of the spinal canal is?
Laminae
Thick bony structure that connect the vertebral bodies with the spinous and transverse process is?
Pedicles
Opening in the vertebrae that accommodates the spinal cord is?
Spinal Canal
Short column of bone that forms the weight bearing portion of a vertebra is?
Vertebral Body
The 33 bones making up the vertebral column is?
Vertebrae
Thin, delicate layer covering the pupil and the iris is?
Cornea
The “white” of the eye is?
Sclera
Dark openings in the center of the iris through which light enters the eye is?
Pupil
Pigmented portion of the eye is?
Iris
Light - and - color-sensing tissue lining the posterior chamber of the eye is?
Retina
Clear watery fluid filling the posterior chamber of the eye is?
Vitreous humor
The eye socket?
Orbit
The three rings of the inner ear are?
Semicircular canals
Outer, visible portion of the ear is?
Pinna
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Cardiac - found in the heart
Smooth - involuntary
Skeletal - voluntary
what are the 3 major organ systems or the “Big 3”
- Cardiovascular
- Respiratory
- Nervous
Meninges of the skull:
- cranium
- dura mater
- arachnoid
- pia mater
- cerebral cortex
- cerebellum
- medulla oblongata
- spinal cord
A functional unit of the kidney is?
Nephron
- dilutes pupils
- inhibits salivation
- accelerates heart
- facilities breathing
- inhibits digestion
- stimulates release of glucose
- secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
- relaxes bladder
- inhibits sex organs
SYMPATHETIC “fight or flight”
- constricts pupils
- stimulates salivation
- slows heart
- constricts breathing
- stimulates digestion
- stimulates gallbladder
- contracts bladder
- stimulates sex organs
PARASYMPATHETIC “rest and digest”
The crossing of nerve impulses from one side to the other takes place just below the?
Medulla oblongata
The internal carotid and basilar arteries interconnect through the _______ in the base of the brain?
Circle of Willis
The nervous system is in the body’s ?
Principal control system
Operates in the lateral portion of the medulla, pons and especially the midbrain?
Reticular activating system (RAS)
What are the 2 types of sympathetic receptors?
Adrenergic receptors
Dopaminergic receptors
Connects the valves’ leaflets to the papillary muscles ?
Chordae tendineae
The only veins in the body that carry oxygenated blood are?
Pulmonary veins
The chemical neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system is?
Norepinephrine
Parasympathetic control of the heart occurs through what?
Vagus nerve (the 10th cranial nerve)
The neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system, and thus the vagus nerve is?
Acetylcholine
Alpha 1 receptor
Arteriole and Venus constriction and Vasodilation
Beta 1 receptor
Increased HR, increased conductivity, increased automaticity, increased contractility
Pertaining to cardiac contractile force is?
Inotropy
Pertaining to Heart rate?
Chronotropy
Percent of oxygen
21%
How much air is inspired in a normal breath?
500ml
Adult respiratory rate
12-20
Childs respiratory rate
18-24
Infants respiratory rate
40-60
