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Paramedic Phase 1 Test 1 > Test 1 Review > Flashcards

Test 1 Review Flashcards

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0
Q

The obligation to treat all patients fairly

A

Justice

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1
Q

Pertaining to the speed of impulse transmission in the heart.

A

Dromotrophy

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2
Q

A competent adult patients right to determine what happens to his own body

A

Autonomy

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3
Q

The obligation not to harm the patient.

A

Nonmaleficence

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4
Q

The principle of doing good work for the patient.

A

Beneficence

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5
Q

Ethics as applied to the human body.

A

Bioethics

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6
Q

Governing body of EMS?

A

Department of Transportation (DOT)

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7
Q

Movement of molecules through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration

A

Diffusion

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8
Q

Principle buffer of the body

A

Bicarbonate

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9
Q

The only artery in the body that carries deoxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary Artery

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10
Q

Most prevalent Cation in extracellular fluid, water follows it.

A

Sodium

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11
Q

Law created by congress

A

Legislative

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12
Q

Legal responsibility

A

Liability

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13
Q

Second stage of stress

A

Resistance

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of extracellular fluid?

A

Interstitial and intravascular

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15
Q

What is the normal pH of the body?

A

7.35 to 7.45

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16
Q

The termination of paramedic to patient relationship without assurance that equal or greater care will continue

A

Abandonment

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17
Q

What is an EMS provider using pharmacology and cardiology?

A

Paramedic

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18
Q

Ancillary health care professionals apart from physicians and nurses

A

Allied health professional

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19
Q

Medical policies, procedures and practices available to providers on-line or off-line

A

Medical direction

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20
Q

Recognition granted to an individual who has met predetermined qualifications to participate in a certain activity

A

Certification

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21
Q

Conduct or qualities that characterize a practitioner in a particular field or occupation

A

Professionalism

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22
Q

Equipment used to protect against injury and spread of infectious disease

A

Personal protective equipment (PPE)

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23
Q

Cleaning with an agent that can kill some microorganisms on the surface of an object

A

Disinfecting

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24
Q

Social, religious, or personal standards of right and wrong

A

Morals

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25
Q

Consent for treatment for patient who is mentally, physically or emotionally unable to grant consent

A

Implied consent

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26
Q

Biggest factor a paramedic should consider when faced with an ETHICAL situation

A

What’s best for the patient

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27
Q

Injuring a persons character or name by false statements that are SPOKEN

A

Slander

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28
Q

Number of major food groups

A

5

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29
Q

Form of osmotic pressure exerted by large protein particles or colloids in plasma, in capillaries, plasma colloids pull water from interstitial space

A

Oncotic Force

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30
Q

H20 + CO2 (H2 CO3)

A

Carbonic Acid

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31
Q

Ventilation down, CO2 up and PH down

A

Respiratory Acidosis

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32
Q

Ventilation up, CO2 down (carbonic acid), PH up =

A

Respiratory Alkalosis

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33
Q

Erythrocyte is?

A

Red blood cells

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34
Q

Erythropoietin produced in the kidneys and stimulates bone marrow production of red blood cells

A

Erythropoiesis

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35
Q

Only white blood cell in immune response?

A

Lymphocyte

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36
Q

The first phase of hemostasis?

A

Vascular spasms

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37
Q

In the pancrease, microscopic dusters of endocrine tissue for maintaining blood glucose is?

A

Islets of Langerhans

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38
Q

The part of the autonomic nervous system that responds to stress is?

A

Sympathetic

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39
Q

Cellular death is?

A

Apoptosis or necrosis

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40
Q

The hearts inner most layer, lines chambers and bathed in blood is?

A

Endocardium

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41
Q

Provides a pause for the heart to fill?

A

AV node (slows conduction)

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42
Q

The greater the stretch the greater the contraction =

A

Starlings law of the Heart

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43
Q

Functional unit of the lungs is?

A

Alveolus

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44
Q

How many liters of water do the kidneys filter a day?

A

180 liters

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45
Q

B2 is ?

A

Bronchodilator

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46
Q

Pancreas alpha cells?

A

Glucagon

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47
Q

What type of solution pushes water out of cells?

A

Hypertonic

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48
Q

Primary IV solution prehospital is?

A

Crystalloids

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49
Q

Inadequate perfusion is?

A

Shock

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50
Q

Interruption of nerve impulse to arteries with loss of tone and dilation and relative hypovolemia is ?

A

Neurogenic shock

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51
Q

A marker on the surface of a cell that identifies it as “self” or “nonself” is ?

A

Antigen

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52
Q

Constriction of afferent Arteriole is?

A

High filtration rate

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53
Q

A paramedics ethical responsibilities are?

A
  • promptly respond to the needs of every patient
  • treat all patients and their families with courtesy and respect
  • maintain mastery of skills and medical knowledge
  • participate in continuing education and training
  • critically review your performance
  • report honestly with respect for PT confidentiality
  • work cooperatively with & respect other EMS professionals
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54
Q

A range of duties and skills paramedics are allowed and expected to perform

A

Scope of practice

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55
Q

Components of Negligence:

A
  • duty to act
  • Breech of duty
  • actual damages
  • proximate cause
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56
Q

Verbal, nonverbal, or written communication by a patient that wishes to receive medical care is?

A

Expressed consent

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57
Q

Consent for treatment that is given based on full disclosure of information is?

A

Informed consent

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58
Q

The patients granting of permission for treatment is?

A

Consent

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59
Q

The act of injuring a persons character, name or reputation by false statements in WRITING

A

Libel

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60
Q

An act that unlawfully places a person in apprehension of immediate bodily harm without his consent is?

A

Assault

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61
Q

The unlawful touching of another individual without his consent is?

A

Battery

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62
Q

A legal document, usually signed by the patient and physician that indicates to medical personnel any life sustaining measures should be taken when the patients heart or respiratory functions have ceased

A

DNR

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63
Q

The supplying of oxygen and nutrients to the body tissue as a result of the constant passage of blood through the capillaries is?

A

Perfusion

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64
Q

Inadequate perfusion of the body tissue is?

A

Hypoperfusion

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65
Q

What are the three components of the circulatory system?

A
  • the pump (heart)
  • the fluid (blood)
  • the container (blood vessels)
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66
Q

The ratio of blood pumped from the ventricle to the amount remaining at the end of diastole is?

A

Ejection fraction

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67
Q

The amount of blood ejected by the heart in one cardiac contraction is?

A

Stroke volume

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68
Q

The factors affecting stroke volume is?

A
  • preload
  • cardiac contractility
  • afterload
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69
Q

The pressure within the ventricles at the end of diastole is?

A

Preload

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70
Q

The force of the strength of a contraction of the heart is?

A

Cardiac contractile force

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71
Q

The resistance against which the heart must pump is?

A

Afterload

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72
Q

The amount of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute is?

A

Cardiac output

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73
Q

The tension exerted by blood against the arterial walls is?

A

Blood pressure

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74
Q

The resistance of the vessels to the flow of blood is?

A

Peripheral vascular resistance

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75
Q

A membrane enclosing a thick fluid and a nucleus is?

A

Cell

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76
Q

The outer covering of a cell is?

A

Cell membrane

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77
Q

Able to allow some but not all substances to pass through?

A

Semipermeable

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78
Q

The thick fluid that fills a cell is?

A

Cytoplasm

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79
Q

Structures that perform specific functions within a cell?

A

Organelles

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80
Q

The organelle within a cell that contains DNA is?

A

Nucleus

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81
Q

A high energy compound present in all cells especially muscle cells is?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate ( ATP )

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82
Q

A group of cells that perform a similar function is?

A

Tissue

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83
Q

The protective tissue that lines internal and external body tissue is?

A

Epithelial tissue

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84
Q

The tissue that transmits electrical impulses throughout the body is?

A

Nerve tissue

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85
Q

The most abundant body tissue is?

A

Connective tissue

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86
Q

The tissue that is capable of contraction when stimulated is?

A

Muscle tissue

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87
Q

A group of organs that work together is?

A

Organ system

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88
Q

The sum of all the cells, tissue, organs and organ system of a living being is?

A

Organism

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89
Q

A group of tissue function together is?

A

Organ

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90
Q

Body layer beneath the dermis is?

A

Subcutaneous tissue

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91
Q

The glands within the dermis secreting sebum is?

A

Sebaceous glands

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92
Q

True skin, it is the layer of tissue producing the epidermis and housing the structures, blood vessels and nerves normally associated with the skin is?

A

Dermis

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93
Q

Fatty secretion of the sebaceous gland that helps keep the skin pliable and waterproof is?

A

Sebum

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94
Q

Outer most layer of the skin comprised of dead or dying cells is?

A

Epidermis

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95
Q

Normal tension in a cell is?

A

Turgor

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96
Q

Excessive loss of body fluid is?

A

Dehydration

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97
Q

A substance that dissolves other substances, forming a solution is?

A

Solvent

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98
Q

The fluid in body tissue that is outside the vascular system is?

A

Interstitial fluid

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99
Q

The fluid within the circulatory system is?

A

Intravascular Fluid

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100
Q

The fluid outside the body cells is?

A

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

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101
Q

The fluid inside the body cells is?

A

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

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102
Q

The total amount of water in the body at a given time is?

A

Total body water (TBW)

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103
Q

The structure of an organism or body structure is?

A

Anatomy

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104
Q

The functions of an organism?

Physical and chemical process of a living thing.

A

Physiology

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105
Q

The natural tendency of the body to maintain a steady and normal internal environment is?

A

Homeostasis

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106
Q

The total changes that take place during physiological process is?

A

Metabolism

107
Q

Body mechanisms that work to reverse or compensate for a pathophysiological process is?

A

Negative feedback loop

108
Q

A substance that, in water, separates into electrically charged particles is?

A

Electrolyte

109
Q

To separate or break down?

A

Dissociate

110
Q

A charged particle is?

A

Ion

111
Q

Ion with a positive charge is?

A

Cation

112
Q

Ion with a negative charge is?

A

Anion

113
Q

A substance that tends to preserve or restore a normal acid-base balance by increasing or decreasing the concentration of hydrogen Ions is?

A

Buffer

114
Q

Equal in concentration of solute molecules is?

A

Isotonic

115
Q

Having a greater concentration of solute molecules is?

A

Hypertonic

116
Q

The difference in concentration between solutions on opposite sides of a semipermiable membrane is?

A

Osmotic gradient

117
Q

The movement of molecules through a membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration is?

A

Diffusion

118
Q

The passage of a solvent such as water through a membrane is?

A

Osmosis

119
Q

Movement of a substance through a cell membrane against the osmotic gradient is?

A

Active transport

120
Q

A low concentration of hydrogen ions, A pH above 7.45 is?

A

Alkalosis

121
Q

A high concentration of hydrogen ions, A pH below 7.35

A

Acidosis

122
Q

Abbreviation for “Potential of Hydrogen”, A measure of relative Acidity or Alkalinity

A

pH

123
Q

The pressure exerted by the concentration of solutes on one side of a membrane is?

A

Osmotic pressure

124
Q

Diffusion of a substance such as a glucose through a cell membrane that requires the assistance of a “helper” or carrier protein is?

A

Facilitated diffusion

125
Q

Small perforations of the long bones through which the blood vessels and nerves travel into the bone itself?

A

Haversian Canal

126
Q

Bone - forming cell found in the bone matrix that helps maintain the bone is?

A

Osteocyte

127
Q

Cell that helps in the creation of new bone during growth and bone repair is?

A

Osteoblast

128
Q

Clot formation, which is extremely dangerous when it occurs in coronary arteries or cerebral vasculature is?

A

Thrombosis

129
Q

The process through which plasmin dismantles a blood clot is?

A

Fibrinolysis

130
Q

The combined mechanisms that work to prevent or control blood loss is?

A

Hemostasis

131
Q

Blood platelet?

A

Thrombocyte

132
Q

White blood cell is called?

A

Leukocyte

133
Q

The packed cell volume of red blood cells per unit of blood is?

A

Hematocrit

134
Q

Destruction of red blood cells is?

A

Hemolysis

135
Q

The process of producing red blood cells is?

A

Erythropoiesis

136
Q

Oxygen bearing molecule in the red blood cells is?

A

Hemoglobin

137
Q

Red blood cell?

A

Erythrocyte

138
Q

Thick pale yellow fluid that makes up the liquid part of the blood is?

A

Plasma

139
Q

The hormone responsible for red blood cell production is?

A

Erythropoietin

140
Q

The process through which pluripotent stem cells differentiate into various types of blood cells is?

A

Hematopoiesis

141
Q

Body system having to do with the production and development of blood cells is?

A

Hematopoietic system

142
Q
  • Release of hypothalamic hormones

- Secretions of hormones regulating endocrine activity

A

Pituitary Gland

143
Q

The centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions and hormone production is?

A

Hypothalamus

144
Q

The relay and processing centers for sensory information is?

A

Thalamus

145
Q

Covered by the cerebrum, is sometimes called the interbrain?

A

Diencephalon

146
Q

This is in the anterior and middle area of the cranium?

A

Cerebrum

147
Q

The Jawbone?

A

Mandible

148
Q

Bone of the upper jaw?

A

Maxilla

149
Q

The cheekbone?

A

Zygoma

150
Q

The pressure moving blood through the brain?

A

Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)

151
Q

The lower portion of the brainstem containing the respiratory, cardiac and vasomotor centers is?

A

Medulla Oblongata

152
Q

process of tissue responsible for the communication interchange between the cerebellum, the cerebrum, midbrain and spinal cord is?

A

Pons

153
Q

The switching station between the pons and the cerebrum in the brain is?

A

Thalamus

154
Q

The portion of the brain important for controlling certain metabolic activities including the regulation of body temperature is?

A

Hypothalamus

155
Q

The portion of the brain connecting the pons and cerebellum with the cerebral hemispheres is?

A

Midbrain

156
Q

The part of the brain connecting the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord is?

A

Brainstem

157
Q

The portion of the brain located dorsally to the pons and medulla oblongata is?

A

Cerebellum

158
Q

The largest part of the brain?

A

Cerebrum

159
Q

The fluid surrounding and bathing the brain and spinal cord is?

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

160
Q

The middle layer of the meninges is?

A

Arachnoid membrane

161
Q

Tough layer of the meninges firmly attached to the interior of the skull and interior of the spinal cord is?

A

Dura mater

162
Q

Three membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord is?

A

Meninges

163
Q

Pressure exerted on the brain by the blood and cerebrospinal fluid is?

A

Intracranial Pressure (ICP)

164
Q

Vault-like portion of the skull encasing the brain is?

A

Cranium

165
Q

Connective tissue sheet covering the superior aspect of the cranium is?

A

Galea Aponeurotica

166
Q

The brain occupies what percent of the cranium?

A

80% of the interior cranium

167
Q

The center for long-term memory, hearing, speech, taste and smell is?

A

The temporal region

168
Q

Bone cell that absorbs and removes excess bone is?

A

Osteoclast

169
Q

Structures through which blood vessels enter and exit the bone shaft is?

A

Perforating canals

170
Q

Hollow shaft found in long bones is?

A

Diaphysis

171
Q

End of a long bone, including the epiphyseal or growth plate and supporting structures underlying the joint is?

A

Epiphysis

172
Q

Growth zone of a bone, active during the development stages of youth is?

A

Metaphysis

173
Q

The tough exterior covering of a bone is?

A

Periosteum

174
Q

Connective tissue providing the articular surfaces of the skeletal system is?

A

Cartilage

175
Q

Joint that does not permit movement is?

A

Synarthrosis

176
Q

Bending motion that reduces the angle between articulating elements is?

A

Flexion

177
Q

Bending motion that increases the angle between articulating elements is?

A

Extension

178
Q

Movement of a body part toward the midline is?

A

Adduction

179
Q

Movement of a body part away from the midline is?

A

Abduction

180
Q

Connective tissue that connects bone to bone and holds joints together is?

A

Ligaments

181
Q

Bones of the head, thorax and spine are?

A

Axial skeleton

182
Q

Bones of the extremities, shoulder girdle and pelvis are?

A

Appendicular skeleton

183
Q

Small bundle of muscle fibers?

A

Fasciculus

184
Q

Attachments of a muscle to a bone that does not move when the muscle contracts is?

A

Origin

185
Q

Attachment of a muscle to a bone that moves when the muscle contracts is?

A

Insertion

186
Q

The posterior and inferior, for sight is?

A

The Occipital region

187
Q

The superior and posterior, directs motor and sensory, memory and emotions is?

A

The parietal region

188
Q

is anterior and determines personality.

A

Frontal region of the brain

189
Q

The three major structures of the brain essential the human function?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • brainstem
190
Q

Ability of muscle cells to contract or shorten.

A

Contractility

191
Q

Pacemaker cells capability of self depolarization is?

A

Automaticity

192
Q

Ability of the cells to propagate the electrical impulse from one cell to another is?

A

Conductivity

193
Q

Ability of the cells to respond to an electrical stimulus is?

A

Excitability

194
Q

The return of a cell to its pre-excitation resting state is?

A

Repolarization

195
Q

The stimulation of myocardial cells is?

A

Action potential

196
Q

The normal electrical state of cardiac cells is?

A

Resting potential

197
Q

A group of cardiac muscle cells that physiologically functions as a unit is?

A

Syncytium

198
Q

Specialized bands of tissue inserted between myocardial cells that increase the rate in which the action potential is spread from cell to cell is?

A

Intercalated discs

199
Q

The period of the cardiac cycle when the myocardium is contracting is?

A

Systole

200
Q

The period of time when the myocardium is relaxed is?

A

Diastole

201
Q

The period of time from the end of one cardiac contraction to the end of the next is?

A

Cardiac Cycle

202
Q

The only veins in the body that carry oxygenated blood are?

A

Pulmonary Veins

203
Q

Connects the valves leaflets to the papillary muscles is?

A

Chordae Tendineae

204
Q

Decreases blood glucose?

A

Insulin

205
Q

Increases blood glucose?

A

Glucagon

206
Q

Is responsible for controlling vegetative functions such as normal heart rate and blood pressure is what?

AKA, Feed or breed system

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

207
Q

Prepares the body for stressful situation?

AKA fight or flight

A

Sympathetic nervous system

208
Q
  • Voluntary (Somatic)
  • involuntary (Autonomic)
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
A

Peripheral nervous system

209
Q

Topographical region of the body surface innervated by one nerve root is?

A

Dermatome

210
Q

Central nervous system pathway responsible for transmitting sensory input from the body to the brain is?

A

Spinal cord

211
Q

Consist of the brain and spinal cord?

A

Central nervous system

212
Q

A substance that is released from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron:
-Acetylcholine
or
-Norepinephrine

A

Neurotransmitter

213
Q

principle buffer of the body?

A

Bicarbonate

214
Q

Nerve Cell?

A

Neuron

215
Q

Division of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for controlling vegetative functions is?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

216
Q

Division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for stressful situations is?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

217
Q

Part of the nervous system controlling involuntary bodily functions is?

A

Autonomic nervous system

218
Q

Part of the nervous system controlling voluntary bodily functions is?

A

Somatic nervous system

219
Q

Part of the nervous system that extends throughout the body and is composed of the cranial nerves arising from the brain and the peripheral nerves arising from the spinal cord is?

A

Peripheral nervous system

220
Q

The brain and the spinal cord?

A

Central nervous system

221
Q

The large arteries and veins located in the mediastinum that enter and exit the brain is?

A

Great vessels

222
Q

Central medial region of the lung where the bronchi and pulmonary vasculature enter the lung

A

Pulmonary Hilum

223
Q

Union between Xiphoid process and body of the sternum is?

A

Xiphisternal Joint

224
Q

Divisions of the vertebral Column:

A
  • Cervicle spine - 7 vertebrae
  • Thoracic spine - 12 vertebrae
  • Lumbar spine - 5 vertebrae
  • Sacral spine - 5 vertebrae
  • Coccygeal spine - 4 vertebrae
225
Q

prominence at the posterior part of a vertebrae is?

A

Spinous process

226
Q

Bony outgrowth of the vertebral pedicle that serves as a site for muscle attachment and articulation with ribs is?

A

Transverse process

227
Q

Posterior bones of a vertebra that help make up the foramen or opening of the spinal canal is?

A

Laminae

228
Q

Thick bony structure that connect the vertebral bodies with the spinous and transverse process is?

A

Pedicles

229
Q

Opening in the vertebrae that accommodates the spinal cord is?

A

Spinal Canal

230
Q

Short column of bone that forms the weight bearing portion of a vertebra is?

A

Vertebral Body

231
Q

The 33 bones making up the vertebral column is?

A

Vertebrae

232
Q

Thin, delicate layer covering the pupil and the iris is?

A

Cornea

233
Q

The “white” of the eye is?

A

Sclera

234
Q

Dark openings in the center of the iris through which light enters the eye is?

A

Pupil

235
Q

Pigmented portion of the eye is?

A

Iris

236
Q

Light - and - color-sensing tissue lining the posterior chamber of the eye is?

A

Retina

237
Q

Clear watery fluid filling the posterior chamber of the eye is?

A

Vitreous humor

238
Q

The eye socket?

A

Orbit

239
Q

The three rings of the inner ear are?

A

Semicircular canals

240
Q

Outer, visible portion of the ear is?

A

Pinna

241
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Cardiac - found in the heart

Smooth - involuntary

Skeletal - voluntary

242
Q

what are the 3 major organ systems or the “Big 3”

A
  • Cardiovascular
  • Respiratory
  • Nervous
243
Q

Meninges of the skull:

A
  • cranium
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid
  • pia mater
  • cerebral cortex
  • cerebellum
  • medulla oblongata
  • spinal cord
244
Q

A functional unit of the kidney is?

A

Nephron

245
Q
  • dilutes pupils
  • inhibits salivation
  • accelerates heart
  • facilities breathing
  • inhibits digestion
  • stimulates release of glucose
  • secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • relaxes bladder
  • inhibits sex organs
A

SYMPATHETIC “fight or flight”

246
Q
  • constricts pupils
  • stimulates salivation
  • slows heart
  • constricts breathing
  • stimulates digestion
  • stimulates gallbladder
  • contracts bladder
  • stimulates sex organs
A

PARASYMPATHETIC “rest and digest”

247
Q

The crossing of nerve impulses from one side to the other takes place just below the?

A

Medulla oblongata

248
Q

The internal carotid and basilar arteries interconnect through the _______ in the base of the brain?

A

Circle of Willis

249
Q

The nervous system is in the body’s ?

A

Principal control system

250
Q

Operates in the lateral portion of the medulla, pons and especially the midbrain?

A

Reticular activating system (RAS)

251
Q

What are the 2 types of sympathetic receptors?

A

Adrenergic receptors

Dopaminergic receptors

252
Q

Connects the valves’ leaflets to the papillary muscles ?

A

Chordae tendineae

253
Q

The only veins in the body that carry oxygenated blood are?

A

Pulmonary veins

254
Q

The chemical neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system is?

A

Norepinephrine

255
Q

Parasympathetic control of the heart occurs through what?

A

Vagus nerve (the 10th cranial nerve)

256
Q

The neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system, and thus the vagus nerve is?

A

Acetylcholine

257
Q

Alpha 1 receptor

A

Arteriole and Venus constriction and Vasodilation

258
Q

Beta 1 receptor

A

Increased HR, increased conductivity, increased automaticity, increased contractility

259
Q

Pertaining to cardiac contractile force is?

A

Inotropy

260
Q

Pertaining to Heart rate?

A

Chronotropy

261
Q

Percent of oxygen

A

21%

262
Q

How much air is inspired in a normal breath?

A

500ml

263
Q

Adult respiratory rate

A

12-20

264
Q

Childs respiratory rate

A

18-24

265
Q

Infants respiratory rate

A

40-60

Paramedic Phase 1 Test 1 (1 decks)

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