test 1 review Flashcards
layers of the earth
crust, lithosphere, mantle, asthenosphere, outer core, inner core
physiographic features in the ocean
continental shelf, continental shelf edge, continental sloe and rise, submarine canyon, abyssal plains, seamounts, MOR, volcanic island arc, continental edge volcano chain, trench, broad continental mtn belt, hot spot volcanoes, EEZ
convergent
move towards each other
divergent
2 plates move away from each other
Rift Valley in center of MOR
MOR (for these margins where enough sea floor has formed)
rugged topography (not covered with sediment since very young)
youngest oceanic crust in center of MOR and older rocks found to either side of the MOR axis
generally only shallow EQs distributed in a narrow linear band that is coincident with the axis of the MOR (approximately)
volcanic activity adding new sea floor in the center, but very few volcanoes formed
presence of magnetic anomaly stripes
Transform
move sideways
only small hills formed and not always present
generally no volcanoes
shallow earthquakes arranged in a linear band
oceanic-oceanic convergence
trench & volcanic island arc
active volcanoes distributed in a linear pattern that is parallel to the trench
bands of shallow to deep depth EQs with shallowest nearest the trench, most situated on the side of the trench closest to the volcanoes; deeper and deeper earthquakes further away from the trench and towards the volcanoes
subduction
oceanic-continental convergence
trench & volcanic chain within land-based linear mountain belt
active volcanoes distributed in a linear pattern that is parallel to the trench
bands of shallow to deep depth EQs with shallowest nearest the trench, most situated on the side of the trench closest to the volcanoes; deeper and deeper earthquakes further away from the trench and towards the volcanoes
subduction
continental-continental convergence
wide mountain belt where 2 plate edges converge together
banded, sometimes wide, of mostly shallow EQs
few to no volcanoes
animals in the ocean
the removal of polymetallic nodules is harmful to the environment and the life of the ocean animals (they are 4km deep and can’t be done easily; either suck them off the sea floor or scoop them up; disturb setament and kills every animal and the sediment will be in places where they shouldn’t be and so the sentiment would have to go somewhere else)
lithosphere consists of
crust and upper mantle
why do the plates move
gravity and convection in mantle
liquid water
if you can pour it then the molecules aren’t permentantly stuck to each other
the positive sides bond to the negative sides of the other molecules (breaks easily)
the bond between molecules is called a hydrogen bond (add a little heat and they break)
if heat is added, the energy of each individual molecule gains energy, molecules spreads apart and the density decreases; density increases when its colder
can have salt ions; has the highest density
How is material is the lower boundary of plates defined
Where mantle material is weaker and partially melted
structure of the water molecule + facts
hydrogen is the smallest atom in the world, and contains a nucleus (+1 charge) and an electron(-1 charge)
oxygen has 8 nucleuses and 8 electrons
hydrogen bonds to oxygen via covalent bonds
dipolar structure- one side is positive and one side is negative (on opposite ends), uneven distribution; there is no net change which makes the molecule neutral
ice
the molecules form the same bonds no matter where they are
ice is considered a crystal
the negative and positive sides bond to every side of the molecule, this spreads them apart and makes the density less than water
this is a unique case and shouldn’t be possible; no salt ions
gas
high speed movement and vibrational rate (occures at high temperature)
very low desnity; increase in temperature causes a density decrease
no h- bonds
no salt ions; lowest density
increases density
cold water, salinity, smaller volume
salinity changes
changes salinity:
evaporation - increase
precipitation - decrease
ice forming - increase
ice melting - decrease
river flow - decrease hydrothermal vent contributions - increase
unusual properties
Some unusual and unique properties of water, including:
* Universal solvent-dipole structure helps pull apart ionically
bonded molecules
* Boiling and Melting Points- higher than similar molecules
(energy needed to break H-bonds); closets similar molecule H2S
Boils at -62° C and Melts at -84° C
* Surface Tension-high due to H-bonds
* Viscosity-greater due to H-bonds
* Cohesion-high…molecules hold themselves together well due to
H-bonds
* Solid State-less dense than liq due to rigid H-bonds spreading
water molecules apart rather than molecules getting closer as
their vibrational rate decreases
* Liquid state-can occur at room temperature…H2S is a gas at
room temp! From H-bonding
