Test 1 Review Flashcards
Who prepares a PSI?
Probation officers
What is the recidivism rate of drug courts?
DO NOT have a high recidivism rate
What is sentence disparity and what is it’s biggest concern?
Occurs when there is a wide variation in sentences received by different offenders. Biggest Concern: racial discrimination
what is an indeterminate sentence?
Actual number of years a person may serve is NOT fixed but a RANGE of years
What is a concurrent sentence?
All sentences served at one time
What is a consecutive sentence?
Sentences served sequentially (one after another)
What is shock probation?
Exposes offenders to the reality of prison life for a short period of time (90 days) followed by probation
what is split sentence?
Work release: A person is consigned to a special portion of the jail on weekends and nights, but released to work during the day
What is ethical formalism?
Philosophical touch-stone that’s referenced at a guide to human decision making
How does negative subculture affect correctional environments?
promote unethical work environment
How does the U.S compare to others in relation to incarceration rates?
U.S has highest incarceration rate in the world
What is discretion?
The ability to make choices and act or not act on those choices
What is justice?
-moral concept that is difficult to define
-treat people in ways consistent with norms of fairness and in accordance with what they justly deserve by virtue of their behavior
What is the mark system and how is it used?
A graduated reward system where prisoners could earn points for good behavior, which entitled them to privileges
What are teleological ethical systems?
Focuses on consequences of an action
Define ethics
-what is right and wrong
-what is allowed and not allowed according to code of ethics and policies and procedures
What are deontological ethical systems?
Focuses on the act itself
Who focused on ethical formalism?
Immanuel Kant (1774-1804)
What os Utilitarianism?
Behavior should be aimed at the greatest good for the most people
How did the Quakers impact prisons in Pennsylvania?
profound impact, ideally operated based on quaker religious beliefs
What is the Pennsylvania prison model?
-devised to operate in solitary confinement and separate fashion
-labor prohibited
-inmates sentences for full duration
Which facility represented being sent “up the river”?
Sing Sing prison
Which early prison focused on complete solitary confinement?
western Pennsylvania prison
When did solitary confinement formally end?
formally ended in 1913
What is the solitary and separate system and what prison devised this method?
Western Pennsylvania prison - labor prohibited
What instituted the great law?
William Penn proposed and instituted great law in 1682 - Deemphasized use of capital punishments for all but most serious cases
How did Cesare Beccaria’s book on crime and punishment impact the prison system?
Essential that punishment be public, speedy, necessary, the minimum possible in the given circumstances proportionate to the crime, determined by law
What are correctional institutions?
Entities that carefully classify inmates into treatment programs that address their needs and perceived deficiences
What is the medical model?
Rehabilitation model that assumes criminals are sick and need treatment
Define rehabilitation
Assumes individuals can be transformed through effective programming
How does money impact correctional policy decisions?
Money is most overriding theme
What was the first correctional facility to develop?
Jails
What are bridewells?
Early workhouses to hold and whip “beggars, prostitutes, and night walkers”
What is transportation?
Practice of using privatized sentences exiling convicts and sending them to penal colonies was called transportation
Who was John Howard?
-sheriff of Bedford
-Believe jails and prisons should have set of standards
-prisoner of war who spent his life focusing on prison reform
What is a panopticon prison design?
rounded prison design where multi-tiered cells are built around a hub so that correctional staff can view all inmates without being observed - wagon wheel
What is Hedonism?
All life goals are desirable only as a means to an end of achieving pleasure or avoid pain
What is positivism?
need for empirical science, led to dismissal of classical school of notions
What is reintegration?
use time served to prepare for re-entry to society
What is general deterrence?
focuses on the prevention of criminal behavior in public as a whole
When did Beaumont and Tocqueville come to America?
studied American penal system in 1831 - observed law, government, politics and race relations
What is the purpose of corrections?
Serves the primary function of management, punishment, supervision, and treatment of accused and convicted individuals
What is penology?
Study of the process adopted for the punishment and prevention of crime
What is the code of Hammurabi?
Earliest known written code of punishment
What was Bentham’s philosophy of utility?
Greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
When did positivism emerge?
Late 19th century
