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Correctional Systems and practices > Test 1 Review > Flashcards

Test 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Who prepares a PSI?

A

Probation officers

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2
Q

What is the recidivism rate of drug courts?

A

DO NOT have a high recidivism rate

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3
Q

What is sentence disparity and what is it’s biggest concern?

A

Occurs when there is a wide variation in sentences received by different offenders. Biggest Concern: racial discrimination

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4
Q

what is an indeterminate sentence?

A

Actual number of years a person may serve is NOT fixed but a RANGE of years

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5
Q

What is a concurrent sentence?

A

All sentences served at one time

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6
Q

What is a consecutive sentence?

A

Sentences served sequentially (one after another)

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7
Q

What is shock probation?

A

Exposes offenders to the reality of prison life for a short period of time (90 days) followed by probation

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8
Q

what is split sentence?

A

Work release: A person is consigned to a special portion of the jail on weekends and nights, but released to work during the day

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9
Q

What is ethical formalism?

A

Philosophical touch-stone that’s referenced at a guide to human decision making

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10
Q

How does negative subculture affect correctional environments?

A

promote unethical work environment

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11
Q

How does the U.S compare to others in relation to incarceration rates?

A

U.S has highest incarceration rate in the world

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12
Q

What is discretion?

A

The ability to make choices and act or not act on those choices

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13
Q

What is justice?

A

-moral concept that is difficult to define
-treat people in ways consistent with norms of fairness and in accordance with what they justly deserve by virtue of their behavior

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14
Q

What is the mark system and how is it used?

A

A graduated reward system where prisoners could earn points for good behavior, which entitled them to privileges

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15
Q

What are teleological ethical systems?

A

Focuses on consequences of an action

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16
Q

Define ethics

A

-what is right and wrong
-what is allowed and not allowed according to code of ethics and policies and procedures

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17
Q

What are deontological ethical systems?

A

Focuses on the act itself

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18
Q

Who focused on ethical formalism?

A

Immanuel Kant (1774-1804)

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19
Q

What os Utilitarianism?

A

Behavior should be aimed at the greatest good for the most people

20
Q

How did the Quakers impact prisons in Pennsylvania?

A

profound impact, ideally operated based on quaker religious beliefs

21
Q

What is the Pennsylvania prison model?

A

-devised to operate in solitary confinement and separate fashion
-labor prohibited
-inmates sentences for full duration

22
Q

Which facility represented being sent “up the river”?

A

Sing Sing prison

23
Q

Which early prison focused on complete solitary confinement?

A

western Pennsylvania prison

24
Q

When did solitary confinement formally end?

A

formally ended in 1913

25
Q

What is the solitary and separate system and what prison devised this method?

A

Western Pennsylvania prison - labor prohibited

26
Q

What instituted the great law?

A

William Penn proposed and instituted great law in 1682 - Deemphasized use of capital punishments for all but most serious cases

27
Q

How did Cesare Beccaria’s book on crime and punishment impact the prison system?

A

Essential that punishment be public, speedy, necessary, the minimum possible in the given circumstances proportionate to the crime, determined by law

28
Q

What are correctional institutions?

A

Entities that carefully classify inmates into treatment programs that address their needs and perceived deficiences

29
Q

What is the medical model?

A

Rehabilitation model that assumes criminals are sick and need treatment

30
Q

Define rehabilitation

A

Assumes individuals can be transformed through effective programming

31
Q

How does money impact correctional policy decisions?

A

Money is most overriding theme

32
Q

What was the first correctional facility to develop?

A

Jails

33
Q

What are bridewells?

A

Early workhouses to hold and whip “beggars, prostitutes, and night walkers”

34
Q

What is transportation?

A

Practice of using privatized sentences exiling convicts and sending them to penal colonies was called transportation

35
Q

Who was John Howard?

A

-sheriff of Bedford
-Believe jails and prisons should have set of standards
-prisoner of war who spent his life focusing on prison reform

36
Q

What is a panopticon prison design?

A

rounded prison design where multi-tiered cells are built around a hub so that correctional staff can view all inmates without being observed - wagon wheel

37
Q

What is Hedonism?

A

All life goals are desirable only as a means to an end of achieving pleasure or avoid pain

38
Q

What is positivism?

A

need for empirical science, led to dismissal of classical school of notions

39
Q

What is reintegration?

A

use time served to prepare for re-entry to society

40
Q

What is general deterrence?

A

focuses on the prevention of criminal behavior in public as a whole

41
Q

When did Beaumont and Tocqueville come to America?

A

studied American penal system in 1831 - observed law, government, politics and race relations

42
Q

What is the purpose of corrections?

A

Serves the primary function of management, punishment, supervision, and treatment of accused and convicted individuals

43
Q

What is penology?

A

Study of the process adopted for the punishment and prevention of crime

44
Q

What is the code of Hammurabi?

A

Earliest known written code of punishment

45
Q

What was Bentham’s philosophy of utility?

A

Greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

46
Q

When did positivism emerge?

A

Late 19th century

Correctional Systems and practices (1 decks)

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