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Cell Bio Test #1 > Test #1 Review > Flashcards

Test #1 Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Chaperones

A

Proteins whose job is to help other protein fold or keep them unfolded

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2
Q

What type of molecule is a Chaperone ?

A

A protein

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3
Q

Define Disulfide Bonds

A

A critical type of folding

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4
Q

Explain tertiary Structure in Protein Folding

A

Binding to an amino acid cystine.

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5
Q

How does cystine obtain its shape ?

A

Cystine will bond to one another to give shape

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6
Q

Why are Cysteins important ?

A

Help shape the proteins

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7
Q

Define Cleavage

A

Sequences that are removed during proccesing

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8
Q

What is an example of cleavage?

A

We make pre-insulin. Pre-insulin will get stuck in the translocon. We cleave the “pre” part so that is can fit through and go to the ER.

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9
Q

What do sugars act as ?

A

Receptors

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10
Q

What do lipids allow a protein to do ?

A

Allows them to bind to a protein

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11
Q

What is myristoylation and how does it work ?

A

Adding a lipid to a protein

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12
Q

What are the three parts of processing ?

A

Folding, Cleavage and addition of sugar or lipid groups

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13
Q

What is allosteric inhibition ?

A

Binds to any active or non active site

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14
Q

What is competitive inhibtion ?

A

Binds only to active sites

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15
Q

What is an active site ?

A

A place a protein can bind

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16
Q

Define phosphorylation

A

Fast way to turn proteins on and off

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17
Q

Dephosphorylation

A

Removal of a phosphate

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18
Q

How do phosphates regulate enzyme activity ?

A

They’re added to the OH sides of serine, threonine and tyrosine

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19
Q

What are the different types of phosphorylation ?

A

Serine, Therorine and Tyrosine

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20
Q

What enzymes are responsible for adding and removing phosphates ?

A

Phosphatases

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21
Q

Define protein-protein interactions

A

proteins that form multi-protein complexes

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22
Q

How do interactions between proteins regulate their activities

A

A repressor prevents kinases targeting other proteins

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23
Q

Define Ubiquitination

A

A protein that marks others for degradation by binding to them

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24
Q

What are the steps in Ubiquitination ?

A

Ubiquitin > Target Protein > Polyubiquitination > Proteasome > Polypeptides

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25
Q

What is the enzyme involved in Ubiquitination ?

A

Ligase

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26
Q

Describe the basic structure of the Nucleus

A

Double membrane system

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27
Q

Describe the composition of the nuclear membrane

A

Membranes that separate the inner and outer parts of cells

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28
Q

What is the relationship that nuclear pores have with the nuclear membrane

A

Nuclear pores regulate what goes in and out of the nucleus

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29
Q

What is lamina made of ?

A

Lamins

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30
Q

What function does lamina provide ?

A

Help make DNA easily accessible

31
Q

Explain the nuclear pore complex

A

Act as channels and regulate traffic coming in and out of nucleus

32
Q

How do molecules of various sized enter and leave the nucleus ?

A

They must have an NLS

33
Q

What are the characteristics of NLS ?

A

Stretch of amino acids that act as an ID card that let’s a protein in the nucleus

34
Q

Define Importin

A

Escort proteins that bind to NLS sequnces

35
Q

What is the relationship that importin has with an NLS ?

A

When a protein is bound by importin it is able to enter the nucleus

36
Q

Define Exportins

A

Proteins that bind to NES sequences

37
Q

What is the relationship that exportin has with NES

A

A protein that is bonded with exportin will exit the nucleus

38
Q

How is RAN a form of active transport ?

A

Doesn’t always move with a gradient and requires GTP to move

39
Q

What mechanisms do cells use to regulate the nuclear import and export of various molecules ?

A

They use RAN GTP and RAN GDP

40
Q

What is RAN GTP ?

A

exiting the nucleus

41
Q

What is RAN GDP ?

A

Rentering the nucleus on its own

42
Q

What is heterochromatin ?

A

Regions that are inactive ins some cells

43
Q

Define Euchromatin

A

Regions that are active in some cells

44
Q

What are the general locations of heterochromatin and euchromatin ?

A

They are usually attached to the nuclear lamina

45
Q

What is the nucleus and what happens there ?

A

Largest nuclear body and is responsible for synthesizing mRNA

46
Q

What is the composition of the plasma membrane ?

A

A barrier between the in and outside of the cell

47
Q

Why do phospholipids make good membranes

A

They are made up of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

48
Q

What are the components of the plasma membrane

A

Cholesterol, glycolipids and proteins

49
Q

What are integral membrane proteins ?

A

They touch the membrane

50
Q

What are peripheral membrane proteins ?

A

They sit next to the membrane

51
Q

What are the requirements of integral proteins ?

A

must have something non-polar like a lipid

52
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model ?

A

A guess that the membrane is non-rigid and kinda moves while the liquid barrier is separating the inside and outside

53
Q

How does membrane composition influence the fluidity of the membrane ?

A

Fluidity is affected by phospholipids, proteins, saturated and unsaturated fats

54
Q

What does active transport require ?

A

energy (ATP)

55
Q

How does passive transport differ from active ?

A

Does not need proteins

56
Q

What is a source of energy besides ATP ?

A

Concentration gradient

57
Q

What are the differences between symport, uniport and antiport ?

A

Shape of protein will change depending on which one is attached

58
Q

What is phagocytosis ?

A

Making a vesicle and surrounding the protein

59
Q

What is pseudopodia ?

A

temporary projections of the cytoplasm of a cell

60
Q

How do pseudopodia form ?

A

By rebuilding the cytoskeleton

61
Q

What are vesicles and how are they related to phagosomes ?

A

Envelope used to traffic proteins in and out of the cell

62
Q

What are lysosomes ?

A

Enzymes that breakdown macromoleclus

63
Q

what will happen if a lysosome joins a phagosome ?

A

They are recycled into the cell

64
Q

What is pinocytosis

A

Clathrin coated pit

65
Q

what is the main difference between pino and phagocytosis ?

A

Phagocytosis is cell eating and pinocystosis is cell drinking

66
Q

How are receptors related to RME ?

A

They act has a marker for RME

67
Q

Why do RME receptors congregate in concentrated areas ?

A

They like to congregate in clathrin-coated pits because calthrin contains newly formed budding vesicles.

68
Q

Where si clathrin located ?

A

Plasma Membrane

69
Q

What is an endosome ?

A

membrane bound vesicles

70
Q

How does transcytosis relate to pinocytosis ?

A

Helps recycle the membrane

71
Q

What is transcytosis

A

Some type of movement across the cell

72
Q

What are the components and steps in translation

A

mRNA, ribosome and tRNA

73
Q

How are secreted proteins synthesized differently than cytosolic proteins

A

They both use the same ribosome and cytosolic proteins are synthesized in the ER

Cell Bio Test #1 (1 decks)

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