Test #1 Review

Question 1

Define Chaperones

Answer 1

Proteins whose job is to help other protein fold or keep them unfolded

Question 2

What type of molecule is a Chaperone ?

Answer 2

A protein

Question 3

Define Disulfide Bonds

Answer 3

A critical type of folding

Question 4

Explain tertiary Structure in Protein Folding

Answer 4

Binding to an amino acid cystine.

Question 5

How does cystine obtain its shape ?

Answer 5

Cystine will bond to one another to give shape

Question 6

Why are Cysteins important ?

Answer 6

Help shape the proteins

Question 7

Define Cleavage

Answer 7

Sequences that are removed during proccesing

Question 8

What is an example of cleavage?

Answer 8

We make pre-insulin. Pre-insulin will get stuck in the translocon. We cleave the “pre” part so that is can fit through and go to the ER.

Question 9

What do sugars act as ?

Answer 9

Receptors

Question 10

What do lipids allow a protein to do ?

Answer 10

Allows them to bind to a protein

Question 11

What is myristoylation and how does it work ?

Answer 11

Adding a lipid to a protein

Question 12

What are the three parts of processing ?

Answer 12

Folding, Cleavage and addition of sugar or lipid groups

Question 13

What is allosteric inhibition ?

Answer 13

Binds to any active or non active site

Question 14

What is competitive inhibtion ?

Answer 14

Binds only to active sites

Question 15

What is an active site ?

Answer 15

A place a protein can bind

Question 16

Define phosphorylation

Answer 16

Fast way to turn proteins on and off

Question 17

Dephosphorylation

Answer 17

Removal of a phosphate

Question 18

How do phosphates regulate enzyme activity ?

Answer 18

They’re added to the OH sides of serine, threonine and tyrosine

Question 19

What are the different types of phosphorylation ?

Answer 19

Serine, Therorine and Tyrosine

Question 20

What enzymes are responsible for adding and removing phosphates ?

Answer 20

Phosphatases

Question 21

Define protein-protein interactions

Answer 21

proteins that form multi-protein complexes

Question 22

How do interactions between proteins regulate their activities

Answer 22

A repressor prevents kinases targeting other proteins

Question 23

Define Ubiquitination

Answer 23

A protein that marks others for degradation by binding to them

Question 24

What are the steps in Ubiquitination ?

Answer 24

Ubiquitin > Target Protein > Polyubiquitination > Proteasome > Polypeptides

Question 25

What is the enzyme involved in Ubiquitination ?

Answer 25

Ligase

Question 26

Describe the basic structure of the Nucleus

Answer 26

Double membrane system

Question 27

Describe the composition of the nuclear membrane

Answer 27

Membranes that separate the inner and outer parts of cells

Question 28

What is the relationship that nuclear pores have with the nuclear membrane

Answer 28

Nuclear pores regulate what goes in and out of the nucleus

Question 29

What is lamina made of ?

Answer 29

Lamins

Question 30

What function does lamina provide ?

Answer 30

Help make DNA easily accessible

Question 31

Explain the nuclear pore complex

Answer 31

Act as channels and regulate traffic coming in and out of nucleus

Question 32

How do molecules of various sized enter and leave the nucleus ?

Answer 32

They must have an NLS

Question 33

What are the characteristics of NLS ?

Answer 33

Stretch of amino acids that act as an ID card that let's a protein in the nucleus

Question 34

Define Importin

Answer 34

Escort proteins that bind to NLS sequnces

Question 35

What is the relationship that importin has with an NLS ?

Answer 35

When a protein is bound by importin it is able to enter the nucleus

Question 36

Define Exportins

Answer 36

Proteins that bind to NES sequences

Question 37

What is the relationship that exportin has with NES

Answer 37

A protein that is bonded with exportin will exit the nucleus

Question 38

How is RAN a form of active transport ?

Answer 38

Doesn't always move with a gradient and requires GTP to move

Question 39

What mechanisms do cells use to regulate the nuclear import and export of various molecules ?

Answer 39

They use RAN GTP and RAN GDP

Question 40

What is RAN GTP ?

Answer 40

exiting the nucleus

Question 41

What is RAN GDP ?

Answer 41

Rentering the nucleus on its own

Question 42

What is heterochromatin ?

Answer 42

Regions that are inactive ins some cells

Question 43

Define Euchromatin

Answer 43

Regions that are active in some cells

Question 44

What are the general locations of heterochromatin and euchromatin ?

Answer 44

They are usually attached to the nuclear lamina

Question 45

What is the nucleus and what happens there ?

Answer 45

Largest nuclear body and is responsible for synthesizing mRNA

Question 46

What is the composition of the plasma membrane ?

Answer 46

A barrier between the in and outside of the cell

Question 47

Why do phospholipids make good membranes

Answer 47

They are made up of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Question 48

What are the components of the plasma membrane

Answer 48

Cholesterol, glycolipids and proteins

Question 49

What are integral membrane proteins ?

Answer 49

They touch the membrane

Question 50

What are peripheral membrane proteins ?

Answer 50

They sit next to the membrane

Question 51

What are the requirements of integral proteins ?

Answer 51

must have something non-polar like a lipid

Question 52

What is the fluid mosaic model ?

Answer 52

A guess that the membrane is non-rigid and kinda moves while the liquid barrier is separating the inside and outside

Question 53

How does membrane composition influence the fluidity of the membrane ?

Answer 53

Fluidity is affected by phospholipids, proteins, saturated and unsaturated fats

Question 54

What does active transport require ?

Answer 54

energy (ATP)

Question 55

How does passive transport differ from active ?

Answer 55

Does not need proteins

Question 56

What is a source of energy besides ATP ?

Answer 56

Concentration gradient

Question 57

What are the differences between symport, uniport and antiport ?

Answer 57

Shape of protein will change depending on which one is attached

Question 58

What is phagocytosis ?

Answer 58

Making a vesicle and surrounding the protein

Question 59

What is pseudopodia ?

Answer 59

temporary projections of the cytoplasm of a cell

Question 60

How do pseudopodia form ?

Answer 60

By rebuilding the cytoskeleton

Question 61

What are vesicles and how are they related to phagosomes ?

Answer 61

Envelope used to traffic proteins in and out of the cell

Question 62

What are lysosomes ?

Answer 62

Enzymes that breakdown macromoleclus

Question 63

what will happen if a lysosome joins a phagosome ?

Answer 63

They are recycled into the cell

Question 64

What is pinocytosis

Answer 64

Clathrin coated pit

Question 65

what is the main difference between pino and phagocytosis ?

Answer 65

Phagocytosis is cell eating and pinocystosis is cell drinking

Question 66

How are receptors related to RME ?

Answer 66

They act has a marker for RME

Question 67

Why do RME receptors congregate in concentrated areas ?

Answer 67

They like to congregate in clathrin-coated pits because calthrin contains newly formed budding vesicles.

Question 68

Where si clathrin located ?

Answer 68

Plasma Membrane

Question 69

What is an endosome ?

Answer 69

membrane bound vesicles

Question 70

How does transcytosis relate to pinocytosis ?

Answer 70

Helps recycle the membrane

Question 71

What is transcytosis

Answer 71

Some type of movement across the cell

Question 72

What are the components and steps in translation

Answer 72

mRNA, ribosome and tRNA

Question 73

How are secreted proteins synthesized differently than cytosolic proteins

Answer 73

They both use the same ribosome and cytosolic proteins are synthesized in the ER