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Survey of Social Psychology 315 > Test 1 - Quiz > Flashcards

Test 1 - Quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

Sociology is to ____ as social psychology is to ____.

A

group; individuals

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2
Q

Which discipline would be most likely to study prejudice by manipulating exposure to a member of some category of people and measuring the thoughts and concepts that are automatically activated?

a. clinical psychology 

b. social psychology	
c. cognitive psychology	
d. personality psychology
A

c. cognitive psychology

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3
Q

Which discipline would be most likely to study prejudice by manipulating various kinds of contact between individuals of different groups and examining the effect of these manipulations on the degree of prejudice exhibited?

a. clinical psychology 

b. social psychology	
c. cognitive psychology	
d. personality psychology
A

b. social psychology

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4
Q

Which discipline would be most likely to study prejudice by developing a questionnaire to identify men who are very high or low in degree of prejudice toward women?

a. clinical psychology 

b. social psychology	
c. cognitive psychology	
d. personality psychology
A

d. personality psychology

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5
Q

Which discipline would be most likely to study prejudice by testing various therapies for people with antisocial personalities who exhibit great degrees of prejudice?

a. clinical psychology 

b. social psychology	
c. cognitive psychology	
d. personality psychology
A

a. clinical psychology

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6
Q

Who is credited with having published the first research article in social psychology?

a. Leon Festinger 

b. Norman Triplett	
c. Gordon Allport	
d. Muzafer Sherif
A

b. Norman Triplett

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7
Q

Who is credited with helping to establish the principle that behavior is a function of the interaction between the person and the environment?

a. Leon Festinger 

b. Norman Triplett	
c. Stanley Milgram	
d. Kurt Lewin
A

d. Kurt Lewin

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8
Q

Who introduced two important theories—one concerning how people try to learn about themselves by comparing themselves to other people, and one about how people’s attitudes can be changed by their own behavior—that remain among the most influential theories in the field?

a. Stanley Milgram 

b. Muzafer Sherif	
c. Leon Festinger	
d. Gordon Allport
A

c. Leon Festinger

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9
Q

Whose research was inspired by the destructive obedience demonstrated by Nazi officers and ordinary citizens in World War II, but which also looked ahead to the civil disobedience that was beginning to challenge institutions in many parts of the world?

a. Stanley Milgram 

b. Muzafer Sherif	
c. Leon Festinger	
d. Gordon Allport
A

a. Stanley Milgram

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10
Q

The study of how we perceive, remember, and interpret information about ourselves and others is called ____.

a. intrapersonal psychology 

b. social cognition	
c. interpersonal cognition	
d. self psychology
A

b. social cognition

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11
Q

The “cold” perspective is to ____ as the “hot” perspective is to ____.

a. emotion; motivation 

b. motivation; cognition	
c. motivation; emotion	
d. cognition; emotion
A

d. cognition; emotion

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12
Q

Mitchell is interested in how the “warrior” gene interacts with childhood experiences to influence the likelihood of extreme violence. Mitchell’s research is most likely in the field of ____.

a. psychopathology 

b. evolutionary psychology	
c. behavioral genetics	
d. behavioral neuroscience
A

c. behavioral genetics

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13
Q

According to ____, to understand a social psychological issue such as jealousy, we should ask how tendencies and reactions underlying jealousy today may have developed from the natural-selection pressures our ancestors faced.

a. psychopathology 

b. evolutionary psychology	
c. behavioral genetics	
d. behavioral neuroscience
A

b. evolutionary psychology

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14
Q

A system of enduring meanings, beliefs, values, assumptions, institutions, and practices shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next is called a(n) ____.

a. normative system 

b. framework	
c. functional viewpoint	
d. culture
A

d. culture

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15
Q

What is an interdisciplinary subfield that examines the close links between our minds and the positioning, experiences, and actions of our bodies?

a. social neuroscience 

b. embodied cognition	
c. evolutionary psychology	
d. behavioral cognition
A

b. embodied cognition

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16
Q

One important benefit for learning about research methods is that it can make you a better, more sophisticated ____.

a. negotiator	
b. head of a company	
c. consumer of information	
d. politician
A

c. consumer of information

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17
Q

A(n) ____ is an explicit, testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur.

a. hypothesis 

b. theory	
c. corollary	
d. construct
A

hypothesis

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18
Q

An organized set of principles used to explain observed phenomena is a(n) ____.

a. hypothesis 

b. theory	
c. corollary	
d. construct
A

theory

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19
Q

Which researcher is conducting basic research?

a. Harlan, who is testing a theory about the development of prejudice 

b. Elsie, who wants to know how to reduce bullying at day care centers	
c. Shayna, who is looking at how people use social media when they have cancer	
d. Debra, who wants to understand the role of social networks in finding new jobs
A

a. Harlan, who is testing a theory about the development of prejudice

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20
Q

Applied research seeks to ____.

a. use theories to generate predictions 

b. contribute to the solution of real-world problems	
c. test hypotheses that are derived from models	
d. develop fundamental understandings of behavior
A

contribute to the solution of real-world problems

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21
Q

A(n) ____ refers to the specific procedures for manipulating or measuring a conceptual variable.

a. validated method 

b. operational definition	
c. construct specification	
d. corollary process
A

operational definition

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22
Q

Which term refers to the extent to which the manipulations in an experiment really manipulate the conceptual variables they were designed to manipulate?

a. conceptual adequacy 

b. ecological reliability	
c. experimental utility	
d. construct validity
A

d. construct validity

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23
Q

When the ____ technique is used, participants are led to believe that their responses will be verified by an infallible lie detector and they report facts about themselves more accurately and endorse socially unacceptable opinions more frequently.

a. bogus pipeline 

b. deceptive machine	
c. false flag	
d. circumstantial pressure
A

bogus pipeline

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24
Q

Pauline has developed a scale of relational aggression (aggression intended to harm the target’s social relationships or social status) suitable for use with middle school students. She has two research assistants watch the same videos taken in a middle-school lunchroom and score the relational aggression incidents. Pauline is most likely assessing the scale’s ____.

a. ecological validity 

b. interrater reliability	
c. test-retest reliability	
d. internal validity
A

interrater reliability

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25
Q

In a(n) ____ sample, everyone in a population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.

a. stratified 

b. proportionate	
c. balanced	
d. random
A

random

26
Q

_____ research is most useful in discovering trends and tendencies.

a. Cross-sectional 

b. Descriptive	
c. Correlational	
d. Basic
A

Descriptive

27
Q

____ research is designed to measure the association between variables that are not manipulated by the researcher.

a. Cross-sectional 

b. Descriptive	
c. Correlational	
d. Basic
A

Correlational

28
Q

____ realism refers to the extent to which the research setting resembles the real-world setting of interest.

a. Experimental 

b. Mundane	
c. Ecological	
d. Virtual
A

Mundane

29
Q

What type of research design is necessary in order to demonstrate a cause and effect relationship?

a. correlational 

b. cross-sectional	
c. longitudinal	
d. experimental
A

experimental

30
Q

Through ____, individuals are asked whether they wish to participate in the research project and must be told what they need to know in order to make a rational decision.

a. rational explication 

b. debriefing methods	
c. virtual decision-making	
d. informed consent
A

informed consent

31
Q

____ are beliefs about oneself that guide the processing of self-relevant information.

a. Self-concepts 

b. Self-characterizations	
c. Self-identities	
d. Self-schemas
A

Self-schemas

32
Q

The term ____ refers to the sum total of beliefs that people have about themselves.

a. self-schema 

b. self-concept	
c. self-esteem	
d. ideal self
A

self-concept

33
Q

Research using ____ has found that people overestimate the strength and duration of their emotional reactions, a phenomenon called ____.

a. affective forecasting; impact bias 

b. emotional projection; indulgence bias	
c. emotional schemas; protective bias	
d. affective prediction; reliability bias
A

affective forecasting; impact bias

34
Q

According to ____ theory, when internal cues are difficult to interpret, people gain self-insight by observing their own behavior.

a. self-protection 

b. self-development	
c. self-perception	
d. self-evaluation
A

self-perception

35
Q

Chassidy is in a lot of pain and feeling very cranky following the removal of her wisdom teeth, but her roommate insists on entertaining her by showing Chassidy a video of herself, in which she imitated an opera singer as she emerged from anesthesia. Although she protests, Chassidy finds that after she laughs, she does indeed feel better. This is consistent with ____.

a. self-perception theory 

b. affective incongruity theory	
c. the cognition/affect interaction hypothesis	
d. the facial feedback hypothesis
A

the facial feedback hypothesis

36
Q

Marita has always enjoyed playing piano and has been more than willing to practice without any urging from her parents. However, her brother Filiberto recently began piano lessons and he is not especially happy about practicing. In order to “motivate” Filiberto to practice, his parents pay him one dollar for every 30 minutes he practices. They feel that, in order to be fair, they should pay Marita the same amount of money for the same amount of practicing. Is this a good idea?

a. No, it is not a good idea: since she has been playing longer and is thus practicing more difficult pieces, Marita should be paid more. 

b. No, it is not a good idea: since Marita has been intrinsically motivated to practice, paying her may paradoxically decrease her motivation.	
c. Yes, it is a good idea: perceptions of parental unfairness may severely damage sibling relationships.	
d. Yes, it is a good idea: competition among siblings can often spur them on to higher achievements.
A

No, it is not a good idea: since Marita has been intrinsically motivated to practice, paying her may paradoxically decrease her motivation.

37
Q

According to ____ theory, when people are uncertain about how they feel, their emotional state is actually determined by the reactions of others around them.

a. social comparison 

b. interpersonal feedback	
c. two factor	
d. cognitive processing
A

two factor

38
Q

According to Markus and Conner, culture is made up of four I’s: ____.

a. ideas, institutions, interactions, and individuals 

b. individualism, inter-individualism, intra-culturalism, and inter-culturalism	
c. institutions, individuals, interrelationships, and introspection	
d. insisting, inspecting, introspecting, and invoicing
A

ideas, institutions, interactions, and individuals

39
Q

People from collectivist cultures tend to ____.

a. seize credit for success 

b. underestimate their roles in groups	
c. blame others for failure	
d. see themselves as crucial to success
A

underestimate their roles in groups

40
Q

The term ____ refers to an affective component of the self, consisting of a person’s positive and negative self-evaluations.

a. self-schema 

b. self-concept	
c. self-esteem	
d. ideal self
A

self-esteem

41
Q

According to ____ theory, humans cope with the fear of their own death by constructing worldviews that help to preserve their self-esteem.

a. sociometer 

b. two-factor	
c. self-discrepancy	
d. terror management
A

terror management

42
Q

According to ____ theory, our self-esteem is defined by the match or mismatch between how we see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves.

a. sociometer 

b. two-factor	
c. self-discrepancy	
d. terror management
A

self-discrepancy

43
Q

Individuals who focus on themselves as social objects, as seen by others, are said to be high in ____.

a. narcissism 

b. public self-centeredness	
c. intrapersonal focus	
d. public self-consciousness
A

public self-consciousness

44
Q

The tendency to bask in reflected glory is matched by an equally powerful need to ____.

a. cut off reflected failure 

b. create more glory to bask in	
c. cut others out of our glory	
d. accept responsibility for outcomes
A

cut off reflected failure

45
Q

Yuonne is practicing for job interviews. If he wants to use the strategy of ingratiating himself to the interviewers, what might he say?

a. I can take Acme Corporation to the next level with my unique creativity and writing skills. 

b. I find Acme Corporation particularly impressive in the ways in which new employees are mentored and their creativity is developed and challenged.	
c. I have an established record of outstanding productivity that rivals that of Acme's stars of the past, making me your star of the future.	
d. I believe that I am the kind of person that will fit in with Acme's culture and also challenge fellow employees if they are not doing their jobs.
A

I find Acme Corporation particularly impressive in the ways in which new employees are mentored and their creativity is developed and challenged.

46
Q

What is the process by which people attribute humanlike mental states to various animate and inanimate objects, including other people?

a. humanization 

b. mind perception	
c. anthropomorphizing	
d. social perception
A

mind perception

47
Q

The importance of the face in social communication is demonstrated by the _____.

a. use of emoticons and emojis in online communication 

b. lack of cultural similarities in facial expressions of emotion	
c. occurrence of activation throughout the brain in response to viewing faces	
d. nearly universal accuracy in the perception of facial expression of emotions
A

use of emoticons and emojis in online communication

48
Q

In laboratories all over the world, results show that people are about _____ accurate in judging truth and deception.

a. 54% 

b. 64%	
c. 74%	
d. 84%
A

54%

49
Q

An attribution to internal characteristics of an actor, such as ability, mood, or effort is a(n) _____ attribution.

a. extrinsic 

b. situational	
c. personal	
d. intrinsic
A

personal

50
Q

According to _____ theory, people try to determine from an action whether that act reflects an enduring personal trait of the actor.

a. correspondent inference 

b. covariation	
c. counterfactual thinking	
d. attribution error
A

correspondent inference

51
Q

The tendency to focus on the role of personal causes and underestimate the impact of situations on other people’s behavior is called the _____ error.

a. counterfactual thinking 

b. base-rate fallacy	
c. fundamental attribution	
d. false-consensus
A

fundamental attribution

52
Q

Cultural differences in what people focus on is demonstrated by the observation that _____.

a. East Asian art tends to have higher horizons, while Western art tends to occupy more space focusing on people. 

b. East Asian art is often dominated by the focal face, while Western art typically shows more, smaller people.	
c. East Asian art pay little attention to background details, while such details are more important in Western art.	
d. East Asian art dedicates most space to focusing on people, while Western art dedicates most space to focusing on objects.
A

East Asian art tends to have higher horizons, while Western art tends to occupy more space focusing on people.

53
Q

When the video emerged of a school resource officer pulling a female student from her seat and throwing her across the classroom, some argued that the student must have done something to cause the officer to be so aggressive. This attitude is most consistent with _____.

a. the base-rate fallacy 

b. the belief in a just world	
c. counterfactual thinking	
d. the false consensus effect
A

the belief in a just world

54
Q

According to _____ theory, impressions are based on perceiver dispositions and a weighted average of a target person’s traits.

a. information integration 

b. two factor	
c. fundamental attribution	
d. social calculus
A

information integration

55
Q

In a study of moral judgments, participants made harsher judgments about the behavior of other people when they were given a bitter herbal mix rather than a sweet berry punch or water to drink during the experiment. This is consistent with the idea of _____ effects.

a. priming 

b. target	
c. contextual	
d. embodiment
A

embodiment

56
Q

Traits that exert a powerful influence on overall impressions are called _____ traits.

a. cardinal 

b. fundamental	
c. primary	
d. central
A

central

57
Q

Danika intensely dislikes members of a certain ethnic group. No matter what, she seems to find articles and videos and websites that reflect her beliefs, but seems impervious to those that might counter her beliefs. Her behavior is typical of _____.

a. need for closure 

b. confirmation bias	
c. confirmatory testing	
d. just world belief
A

confirmation bias

58
Q

Emery is shy, feels socially inept, and thinks no one likes him. As a result, he is often tense and abrupt in social situations, resulting in an increased likelihood that he will be socially rejected. Emery is trapped by a(n) _____.

a. self-fulfilling prophecy 

b. negative expectancy bias	
c. false consensus effect	
d. base-rate distortion
A

self-fulfilling prophecy

59
Q

Because people are prone to errors in social perception, we _____.

a. are more accurate judging strangers than friends or acquaintances 

b. tend to lack confidence about our own judgments and attributions	
c. may disparage victims whose misfortunes threaten our sense of justice	
d. often do worse when we are motivated to avoid attribution errors
A

may disparage victims whose misfortunes threaten our sense of justice

60
Q

When it comes to our ability as social perceivers, we _____.

a. often underestimate our abilities 

b. tend to focus on the wrong cues	
c. seem not to learn from experience	
d. are better at global than specific predictions
A

tend to focus on the wrong cues

Survey of Social Psychology 315 (2 decks)

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