TEST 1 - POWERPOINTS Flashcards
DEFINITION: art and science of treating diseases, injuries, and deformities by operation and instrumentation
SURGERY
4 PARTS OF Perioperative Nursing
- preoperative care
- intraoperative care
- post-anesthetic care
- post-operative care
5 PARTS OF PREOPERATIVE CARE
a) Client interview
b) Nursing assessment
c) Pre-op teaching
d) Legal preparation
e) Pre-op checklist
3 CONSIDERATION IN PRE-OP NURSING HISTORY
- Previous experiences with Sx (surgery) and anesthesia
- Allergies, meds, age, nutrition
- Past medical history
3 COMPONENTS OF PRE-OP PHYSICAL EXAM
- Mobility (side weaknesses)
- Systems: head to toe
- Lab work/test results
make sure results are back before surgery and abnormalities reported to physician
PRE-OP RISK FACTORS
- Meds
- Physical/mental impairments
- Mobility limitations (side weaknesses)
- Smoking, alcohol use, street drugs (risk of withdrawal symptoms)
- Occupation
- VS, Wt, Etc. (obesity-related healing complications such as dehiscence)
- Infection, nausea, fever
PRE-OP TEACHING (5 items)
- Food and fluid restrictions (npo)
- Medications, if any, permitted
- Any need for surgical site prep (surgeon specific)
- Written instructions
- Post-op expectations (tubes, mobility restrictions, pain management, choices e.g. IV, epidural, NG tube)
PRE-OP TEACHING: NUTRITION
3 CONSIDERATIONS
- Most surgeries require NPO after midnight
- Increase diet slowly
- Nausea is common—there are medications to help with this
PRE-OP TEACHING: AMBULATION
4 CONSIDERATIONS
- Ambulate early
- May have immbolizers, have to use assistive devices
- Leg exercises
- May have to wear antiembolism stockings postoperatively
PRE-OP TEACHING: BREATHING
3 CONSIDERATIONS
- Perform deep breathing and coughing exercises
- Splinting
- Use of incentive spirometer
PRE-OP TEACHING: GROOMING
5 CONSIDERATIONS
- Take a bath or shower morning of surgery
- Remove nail polish, artificial fingernails, hair clips, and jewellery before surgery
- Dentures and eyeglasses will be removed and stored during surgery
- Remove prosthetics
- No contact lenses permitted
PRE-OP TEACHING: MEDICATIONS
2 CONSIDERATIONS
- Take preoperative medication as ordered
- Stop taking prescribed medications, OTC medications, and herbal remedies as suggested by the physician, anaesthesiologist, or surgeon
PRE-OP TEACHING: PAIN CONTROL
2 CONSIDERATIONS
- Ask for pain medication as needed
2. Types of pain control (epidural, PCA)
INFORMED CONSENT
9 KEY COMPONENTS
- Name of procedure/surgery
- Description of procedure/surgery
- Person performing the procedure/surgery
- Benefits of procedure/surgery
- Potential risks and adverse effects of procedure/surgery
- Approximate length of time for procedure/surgery
- Approximate length of time needed for recovery
- Alternative treatments
- Consequences of refusing treatment
NURSE’S LEGAL ROLE WITH INFORMED CONSENT
act as a WITNESS to verify that the person who signed the consent is the client so named or the client’s legal guardian
NURSE’S ETHICAL ROLE WITH INFORMED CONSENT
act as the client’s advocate, ensures that the client understands the information and that the form has been signed and witnessed before the client receives preoperative medication
Begins immediately after surgery and continues until the client is discharged
POST-OP CARE
Postanesthesia discharge criteria
- Client awake (or baseline)
- Vital signs stable
- No excess bleeding or drainage
- No respiratory depression
- Oxygen saturation > above 90%
- Pain controlled
- Report given to receiving recipient (nurse from other units)
5th vital sign
Pain
DOCUMENTATION SAMPLE (POST-OP ASSESSMENT)
09:30 hrs: Received client from recovery awake and oriented x 3 spheres. Vital signs within normal limits. Client rates pain as a 1/10. Abdominal dressing dry and intact. Jackson pratt in situ (in place) draining sanguineous fluid. NG tube in situ and draining small amount of yellowish drainage. Foley catheter in situ and draining clear yellow urine, 350 cc in drainage bag. IV infusing well at 125 cc/hr of NS, 650 TBA (to be absorbed). IV site intact and patent. —————————————-MWalsh, RN
4 POST OP EXERCISES
- Deep breathing and coughing
- Turning, ambulation
- Incentive spirometer
- Leg exercises
8 CRITERIA FOR Ambulatory surgery discharge criteria
- All PACU discharge criteria met
- No IV narcotics for last 30 minutes
- Minimal nausea and vomiting
- Pain controlled
- Voided (if appropriate to surgical procedure/orders)
- Able to ambulate if age-appropriate and not contraindicated
- Responsible adult present to accompany client (not to drive home - sedatives can be in the body for up to 24 hours post-op)
- Discharge instructions given and understood
WHAT KIND OF WOUND? The skin is cut by a sharp object, usually a knife or razor. This type of wound may be deep, but will usually heal quickly.
INCISION
WHAT KIND OF WOUND?
This type of wound is caused by a jagged edge, the skin has been torn, rather than cut. This wound will take longer than an incised to heal and leave a scar.
LACERATION
WHAT KIND OF WOUND?
This type of wounds are caused by contact with a rough surface, the skin has been ground away. The wound is shallow, but the area damaged can be extensive. These wounds have the highest risk of contamination by foreign material and objects. Thus requiring extensive cleaning before dressing.
ABRASION
WHAT KIND OF WOUND?
Also commonly referred to as bruising, although the outer layer of skin may appear undamaged, there may have been extensive damage to underlying structures. Blood accumulates under the skin causing localised swelling.
CONTUSION
WHAT KIND OF WOUND?
Caused by sharp pointed objects. These wounds appear very small, however they are deep. Frequently structures that lie deep beneath the surface have been damaged.
PUNCTURE
What is the “healing ridge”? What complications could occur as a result of the body’s failure to form a healing ridge?
- an indicated ridge that normally forms deep to the skin along the length of a healing wound
- lack of a healing ridge can lead to wound dehiscence or infection.
primary purpose of wet-to-dry dressings is to _________ __________ a wound
mechanically debride
What is the purpose of wound packing?
- to debride the wound bed of dead tissue during healing
- to absorb the exudate
- to keep the sides of the wound from touching and mending together
What precautions must be implemented when packing a wound?
- moisten the packing material with a noncytotoxic solution such as normal saline
- never use cytotoxic solutions (eg. povidone-iodine) to pack a wound
- if using woven gauze, fluff it before packing it into the wound
- loosely pack wound
- do not let packing material drag or touch surrounding tissue before you put it in the wound
- fill all the wound dead space with packing material
- pack the wound until you reach the wound surface, never pack the wound higher
WHICH STAGE OF PRESSURE ULCER?
- Change in temperature (warmth or coolness)
- Tissue consistency (firm or boggy feel)
- Sensation (pain, itching)
- Persistent redness, blue or purple hues
I
WHICH STAGE OF PRESSURE ULCER?
- Partial-thickness skin loss
- Abrasion, blister or shallow crater
II
WHICH STAGE OF PRESSURE ULCER?
- Full-thickness skin loss
- Damage or necrosis of subcutaneous tissue
- Deep crater with or without undermining of adjacent tissue
III
WHICH STAGE OF PRESSURE ULCER?
- Full-thickness skin loss with extensive destruction, tissue necrosis
- Damage to muscle, bone, or supporting structures (tendon, joint capsule)
- Undermining and sinus tracts may be present
IV
Factors Affecting Wound Healing
- Tissue perfusion and oxygenation
- Nutritional status (obesity causes potential dehiscence)
- Infection
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Corticosteroid therapy
- Chemotherapy and radiation
- Age (comorbidities)
- Smoking (deoxygenation)
- Substance abuse, alcoholism
- Stress (physiological and psychological)
- Immunosuppression
- Systemic conditions (renal, hepatic disease, sepsis, cancer)
- Hematopoietic disorders
WHICH PHASE OF WOUND HEALING? Coagulation
Hemostasis phase
WHICH PHASE OF WOUND HEALING?
- ~ 3 days
- Leukocytes → clean up
- Macrophages → repair
Inflammatory stage
WHICH PHASE OF WOUND HEALING?
- 2-3 weeks
- Epithelialization
- new growth cells are created
Proliferative stage
WHICH PHASE OF WOUND HEALING?
- 1 year or more
- Collagen becomes stronger
- scar tissue forms
Remodeling stage
WHAT KIND OF WOUND?
- Dead tissue
- Usually has to be removed to enable healing
- Necrotic tissue (destruction)
- Black in colour
- Also common in stage III and IV pressure ulcers
BLACK
WHAT KIND OF WOUND?
- Death of subcutaneous fat tissue
- Muscle degeneration
- Yellow, cream-coloured, or gray necrotic slough, usually with purulent drainage
YELLOW