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ESCI1000 Natural Hazards and Disasters > Test 1: Plate Tectonics > Flashcards

Test 1: Plate Tectonics Flashcards

1
Q

Why should we know about plate tectonics?

A

Plate tectonics affects us all whether it’s by volcanic eruptions and earthquakes or politically and economically due to the distribution of natural resources.
Plate tectonics is the unifying glory of geology, typing together many seemingly unrelated geologic phenomena and illustrating why the earth is a dynamic planet of interacting subsystems and cycles.

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2
Q

What is the Protoearth?

A

Larger than earth today
Homogenous composition (looked the same the top to the centre)
Bombarded by meteorites
Moon formed from a collision with large astroid.

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3
Q

What happened with the Protoearth?

A
  • Radioactive heat (decay)
  • Fusion reactions
  • Earth heated up so much that it became molten**
  • Lighter elements like hydrogen and oxygen came up to the surface. Heavier elements like nickel and iron migrated to the centre of the core.
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4
Q

Density Satisfaction?

A

“Divisions of the Earth-based upon physical state are the Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Mesosphere, Outer core, and Inner core”

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5
Q

How to get layered earth?

A

The earth being liquid from the top to the core is the only way you can get a layered earth

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6
Q

What are the two categories of layers?

A

Physical and Chemical properties

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7
Q

What are Chemical Properties made up of?

A

Chemical Properties:

Crust, Mantle, and core

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8
Q

What are Physical Properties made up of?

A

Physical Properties:

Lithosphere, Asethonosphere, Mesosphere, Outer Core, Inner Core

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9
Q

What elements make up the core?

A

Core: Irons and Nicles

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10
Q

What elements make up the crust?

A

Crust: Oxygen, Silica

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11
Q

What elements make up the mantle?

A

Mantle: Magnesium

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12
Q

Lithosphere:

A

Ridgid (Breakable)

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13
Q

Asthenosphere:

A

Plastic (Applied force will move it)

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14
Q

Mesosphere:

A

Ridgid

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15
Q

Outer Core:

A

Liquid

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16
Q

Inner Core:

A

Ridgid

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17
Q

Describe The Crust:

A

The outermost layer, the crust; low density, mainly silicate materials

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18
Q

Continental Crust:

A

Granite (Light coloured igneous rocks) Less Dense

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19
Q

Oceanic Crust:

A

Basalt (Darker in colour igneous rocks) More Dense

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20
Q

What’s the difference between Granite Rocks and Basalt rocks?

A

Granite Rocks have crystals in them and are prettier.

Basalt rocks are darker and are not as pretty came to the surface

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21
Q

Describe The Mantle:

A

The Mantle surrounds the core and is divided into:

  • An asthenosphere that behaves plastically and flows slowly.
  • Iron, magnesium, silicate materials.
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22
Q

Describe the Core:

A

The Core consists of a small, solid inner region. A larger, liquid, outer portion.
Flows generate Earth’s magnetic field.
High density, mainly iron and nickel.

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23
Q

Who is Alfred Wegener?

A

Alfred Wegener first proposed in 1912 - “Continental Drift”

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24
Q

What is “Continental Drift”?

A

Pangaea consists of a northern landmass called Laurasia and a southern landmass called Gondwana.
Essentially Pangaea was made up of the continents and they broke apart.

25
Q 
What was Wegener’s evidence for continental drift?
FC
MGL
GACB
DF
A

The fit of Continents (Earth is a puzzle)
Matching geological locations (Rocks from one continent, match up with others (mountains )
Glacial ages and climate belts (Movement of glaciers marks up the rocks on the bottom)
Distribution of Fossils (fossils only found in one spot)

26
Q

What is Pangaea?

A

One large continent existed 200 million years ago

27
Q

What is Panthalassa?

A

One large ocean

28
Q

The evidence behind continental drift, Matching geological locations?

A

The similarity in rock sequences

29
Q

The evidence behind continental drift, Glacial Ages?

A

Ridges on the bedrock beneath

30
Q

The evidence behind continental drift, distribution of fossils?

A

Fossils found on both continents of extinct creatures

31
Q

Objections to Continental Drift?

A

Continents can’t plow through ocean basins, Tidal gravitations are too small, proposed mechanisms defy laws of physics.

32
Q

Paleomagnetism:

A

Remnant magnetism in ancient rocks recording the direction and intensity of the earth’s magnetic field at the time.

33
Q

What’s recorded in igneous rocks?

A

Magnetic Polarity (Magnetite in basalt)

34
Q

When was the last time earth’s magnetic field was completely reversed?

A

780,000 years ago

35
Q

How does Earth’s magnitude reverse over time?

A

Magma up from underneath the surface and turns into lava, which then comes out of the volcano. The magnetic materials flow out of the volcano and are flipped.

36
Q

Who is Harry Hess?

A

Harry Hess was a WW2 submarine captain and geologist

37
Q

How old is the oldest ocean floor?

A

180 million years old.

38
Q

What did Harry Hess propose?

A

Harry Hess proposed the seafloor spreading. Mantle Convection cells as the mechanism.

39
Q

Why does the seafloor spread?

A

Mid-ocean ridge moves apart, magma is pushed up through the layers and turned into lava where then the magnetic materials like magnetite will orientate themselves to where the magnetic pull is.

40
Q

Both parallel and symmetric around the ocean ridges?

A

Magnetic anomalies

41
Q

What is the source of energy for the high temperatures found deep within the Earth?

A

Radioactive decay- when unstable, atomic nuclei decay, radiant energy is given off.

42
Q

Plate Tectonics Unifying Theory: Divergent

A

Divergent: Plates move away from each other (Mid Ocean Ridge) (Shallow at the surface)

43
Q

Plate Tectonics Unifying Theory: Convergent

A

Convergent: Where plates approach each other (Deep below the surface)

44
Q

Plate Tectonics Unifying Theory: Transform

A

Transform: Where plates slide past each other (San Andreas Faults) (Medium level)

45
Q

Divergent: Characteristic features of ancient continental rifting include…

A

faulting, dikes, sills, lava flow, and thick sedimentary sequences within rift valleys.

46
Q

Evidence of Ancient spreading ridges:

A

Pillow Lavas and associated deep-sea sediments are evidence of ancient spreadings.

47
Q

What are the three types of plate Boundarys?

A

Oceanic-Continental convergence
Oceanic-Oceanic convergence
Continental-Continental convergence

48
Q

Oceanic-Continental convergence

A

Ocean plate subducted
Continental arcs generated
Explosive Volcanic Eruptions

49
Q

Oceanic-Oceanic convergence

A

The denser plate is subducted
Deep trenches generated
Volcanic island arcs generated

50
Q

Continental-Continental convergence

A

No subduction
Tall mountains uplifted
The Himalayas from India-Asia collision

51
Q

The world’s plants and animals occupy biotic provinces controlled mostly by:

A

Climate

Geographic barriers

52
Q

True or False, the older the plate the denser?

A

True

53
Q

What is Andesite?

A

Andesite: an extrusive rock composed between granite and basalt.

54
Q

What detects plate movements?

A

Satellites have detected and measured plate movements over time.

55
Q

Paleogeography:

A

The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions

56
Q

Mineral Depots:

A

A mineral deposit is simply an enriched body of rock with a particular metal or mineral of economic (or strategic) interest that could be considered for mining.
The most common metallic ore depots to find are…
Copper, Iron, lead, zinc, gold and silver ore

57
Q

Oceanic Transform Faults

A

Ocean floor only

58
Q

Continental Transform faults

A

Cuts across the continent (San Andreas Fault)

Transform Faults occur between mid-ocean ridge segments

ESCI1000 Natural Hazards and Disasters (5 decks)

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