Test 1 People

Question 1

Fred Sanger

Answer 1

• Developed First method of DNA sequencing that was fast enough to sequence large genomes
• Shared 1980 Nobel prize in chemistry

Question 2

Florence Nightengale

Answer 2

• First to recognize significance of disease in warfare
• Founded the science of medical statistics and professional nursing.
• Made the “Polar area chart”

Question 3

Robert Hooke

Answer 3

• Built the first compound microscope
• Observed mold
• Published ‘Micrographia’ (first manuscript that illustrated objects observed with microscope)
• Coined the term “Cell”

Question 4

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 4

• Dutch cloth draper/tailor
• Built single-lens magnifiers
• First to observe single-celled microbes (Called them small animals, “animalcules”)

Question 5

Francesco Redi

Answer 5

• Showed that maggots in decaying meat were the offspring of flies.

Question 6

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Answer 6

• Showed that a sealed flask of meat broth sterilized by boiling failed to grow microbes.

Question 7

Louis Pasteur

Answer 7

• Began career as an Organic Chemist
• Discovered the microbial basis of fermentation
• Produced data that refuted spontaneous generation (Swan neck flask test)
• Developed the first vaccines based on attenuated (weakened) strains of microbes. (Fowl Cholera, Rabies)

Question 8

Robert Koch

Answer 8

• German physician
• Developed principles and methods crucial to microbial investigation (Chain of infection, established a “Pure culture,” Koch’s postulates.)
• Applied his methods to the study of several lethal diseases around the world

Question 9

Angelina/Walther Hesse

Answer 9

• First to use the gelling agent agar to solidify liquid culture medium.

Question 10

Julius Petri

Answer 10

• Developed the double-sided Petri dish container that bears his name.

Question 11

Lady Mary Montagu

Answer 11

• Introduced practice of smallpox inoculation

Question 12

Edward Jenner

Answer 12

• Deliberately infected patients with material he collected from cowpox lesions. (Vaccination)

Question 13

Ignaz Semmelweis

Answer 13

• Ordered doctors to wash their hands with chlorine, an antiseptic agent. (Mortality rates fell)

Question 14

Joseph Lister

Answer 14

• Developed carbolic acid to treat wounds and clean surgical instruments.

Question 15

Alexander Fleming

Answer 15

• Discovered that Penicillium mold generated a substance that kills bacteria.

Question 16

Howard Florey/Ernst Chain

Answer 16

• Purified penicillin (Became first commercial antibiotic)

Question 17

Dmitri Ivanovsky

Answer 17

• Studied tobacco mosaic disease.
• Discovered that the agent of transmission could pass through a 0.1 μm porcelain filter that blocked all known microbes.

Question 18

Martinus Beijerinck

Answer 18

• Proposed that the causative agent of tobacco mosaic disease is not a bacterium because it passes through a filter that retains bacteria.

Question 19

Wendell Stanley

Answer 19

• Purified and crystallized the filterable causative agent we now call tobacco mosaic virus (TMV).

Question 20

Sergei Winogradsky

Answer 20

• Russian scientist who was among the first to study microbes in natural habitats
• Discovered lithotrophs using enrichment cultures
• Built the Winogradsky column
• Bacteria that he isolated can grow only on inorganic minerals

Question 21

Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 21

• Called the microbial world “chaos.”

Question 22

Ernst Haeckel

Answer 22

• Determined microbes are neither plant nor animal
• Devised a third category of life, the Monera, for microbes

Question 23

Herbert Copeland

Answer 23

• Divided Haeckel’s Monera into two groups: eukaryotic protists (protozoa and algae) and prokaryotic bacteria

Question 24

Robert Whittaker

Answer 24

• Added Fungi as a fifth kingdom of eukaryotic microbes

Question 25

Lynn Margulis

Answer 25

• Proposed that eukaryotic organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, evolved by endosymbiosis from prokaryotic cells engulfed by pre-eukaryotes.
• Primary Endosymbiosis Theory

Question 26

Carl Woese

Answer 26

• Studied recently discovered prokaryotes that live in hot springs and produce methane. (Archaea)
• Discovery replaced the classification scheme of five kingdoms with three equally distinct groups (Domains).

Question 27

Ernst Ruska

Answer 27

• Developed Electron Microscope

Question 28

Theodor Svedberg

Answer 28

• Developed Ultracentrifuge

Question 29

Frederick Griffith

Answer 29

• Discovered transformation in bacteria

Question 30

Oswald Avery

Answer 30

• Showed that the transforming substance is DNA.

Question 31

Rosalind Franklin

Answer 31

• Used X-ray crystallography to determine that DNA is a double helix.

Question 32

James Watson and Francis Crick

Answer 32

• Discovered the complementary bases and antiparallel nature of DNA.