Test 1 osteology Flashcards
What are the primary functions of bones
Support Movement Protection Growth Storage of minerals Storage of fat Blood cell formation
How are bones categorized by shape?
Long Short Sesamoid Flat Irregular
What are the three centers of ossification for long bones?
Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Diaphysis
Long straight bone shaft
Diaphysis
Contains yellow marrow which reduces weight of bone
Medullary cavity
End regions of bone
Epiphysis
Region lying between epiphysis and diaphysis
Metaphysis
Located between epiphysis and diaphysis in young animals; comprised of cartilage cells
Metaphyseal growth plate
Primary site for fractures, infections, metastasis, and the effects of endocrine bone disorders
Growth plate
What is Wolfs law?
Bone gets remodeled in response to stress placed upon it
The point of contact, or articulation, between two or more bones/cartilages and also provides support and movement to the skeleton
A Joint
What are the structural classifications of joints?
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joints
Synovial joints
Strong connective tissue unites articulate surfaces of bones
Bones can even fuse ( synostosis )
Fibrous joints
Cartilages unites articulate surfaces of bones (limited movement)
Cartilaginous joints
Joint cavity between articulate surfaces of bones filled with synovial fluid
Synovial joints
All synovial joints are mobile joints
Diarthrosis
Semi mobile fibrous and cartilaginous joints
Amphiarthrosis
Non mobile fibrous and cartilaginous joints
Synarthrosis
What type of surfaces are protected by strong articulate cartilage enclosed within a fluid filled joint cavity
Articular surface
Within the joint capsule, which layer blends with the Periosteum of the bones, which ensures resistance?
Outer fibrous layer
Within the joint capsule, what is highly vascularized and innervated and also produces synovial fluid for lubrication and nutrition of the articular surfaces
Inner synovial membrane
Bands of tough fibrous connective tissue
Ligaments
Fibrocartilages located within a synovial cavity, to stabilize a joint
Meniscus
How ar synovial joints classified?
By number of articulating bones:
1) Simple joint
2) Compound joint
How many bones does it take to form a simple joint?
Two
What type of joint is formed by two bones?
Simple joints
What are the basic types of joint movement?
Gliding/ translation motion and angular motions
What are the different types of Angular motions?
Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
Decreasing angle between bones
Flexion
Increasing angle between bones up to 180 degrees
Extension
Increasing angle past the anatomical position of 180 degrees
Hyperextension
Moving away from median plane
Abduction
Moving towards median plane
Addiction
Movement circumscribing a cone shape
Circumduction
How does skeletal muscle attach to bones?
Tendons
Which point of a tendon is the proximal attachment and is usually a fixed point?
Tendon of origin
Which point of a tendon is a distal attachment and usually the point moved by muscle contraction?
Tendon of insertion
A flat, sheet-like tendon; allows muscle to have a broader attachment
Aponeurosis
Small bone embedded in a muscle tendon
Sesamoid bone
Band holding down tendons to a bone surface
Reticulum
Synovial fluid filled bag separating a tendon from a hard surface, protecting against wear, easing its gliding
Synovial bursa
Synovial fluid filled glove completely surrounding a tendon, easing its gliding under a reticulum
Synovial tendon sheath
They are leaves enveloping and isolating muscle groups that function as units
Fascia and fascia planes
A leaf of loose connective tissue under skin, easily torn
Superficial fascia
- A thick leaf of dense connective tissue from which some muscles may originate or insert, attaches to bone
- Sends dividing walls deep between muscles, separate muscle groups/layers into facial planes
Deep fascia
Muscle with several fleshy units separated by tendons ( ex. Rectus abdominis)
Polygastris muscle
Fibers arranged into rings that surround natural openings (ex. Orbicularis oris m., external anal sphincter)
Sphincter muscles
Multiple heads merging into one tendon of insertion
Biceps brachii m.
Triceps brachii m.
Quadriceps femoris m.
What attaches muscle to bone?
Tendons
What attaches bone to bone?
Ligaments
What are bands holding down tendons to the surface of a bone?
Retinacula
