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Parasitology: Micro 2 > Test 1 Notes > Flashcards

Test 1 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Factors Influencing Distribution of Parasitic Disease

A
  1. Rapid Travel
  2. Immigration
  3. Increased number of immunocompromised patients
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2
Q

Amebia of duck, geese and swan. Its accidental parasite of humans causing meningitis

A

Naeglaria Fowleri

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3
Q

Intestinal flagella without flagellum or pseudopodia that causes diarrhea in humans

A

Dientamoeba Fragilis

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4
Q

Infestation

A

Parasitic Organism or arthropod that live on surface of a host without multiplication

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5
Q

Infection

A

Invasion and multiplication of a pathogenic parasite in the body with accompanying reaction by the host

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6
Q

Disease

A

any damage of hot tissue or organs that leads to malfunction of an organ caused by a parasite

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7
Q

Protozoa

A

Unicellular microscopic eukaryoticorganism

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8
Q

Helminths

A

worms, muticellular, often visible to the naked eye

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9
Q

arthropoda

A

insects lice etc.

hard exoskeletons, jointed appendages

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10
Q

Most Prevalent Tropical Diseases

A

7 out of 8 are parasites

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11
Q

Most harmfull infective diseases afflicting humans

A

5 out of are parasites

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12
Q

More than 1,000,000 people are

A

afflicted by parasites

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13
Q

Humans play host to

A

dozens of parasites

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14
Q

Parasites can also infect

A

animals and plants

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15
Q

Vector

A

Any arthropod or other living organism that transports a pathogenic microorganism form an infected to a non-infected host
Usually an intermediate Host
ex. malaria

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16
Q

Final Host

A

the host organism in which a parasite passes its adult and or sexual reproduction phase (trophozoite)

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17
Q

Intermediate Host

A

The host organism in which a parasite passes its larval stage or asexual reproduction phase
Vector is usually an intermediate host

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18
Q

Mosquitos in Malaria

A

Anopheles mosquitos carry plasmodium and transmit malaria from host to host. The mosquito is the Final host.
Humans are intermediate hosts.

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19
Q

Reservoir Host

A

An animal that harbors a species of parasite and can serve as a source of parasitic infection for human
Can also be the intermediate host

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20
Q

Vector

A

usually an intermediate Host, an invertebrate (insect) that transmits the larval or juvenile parasite by its bite. It is a vehicle by which some parasites are transmitted from host to host

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21
Q

Premunition

A

Immunity, generally of a low level, resulting from the continued presence of the parasite (chronic). It does not eliminate the original infective parasite but is prevents hyper infection

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22
Q

Premunition

A

A poorest who has been infected is producing immunity but is not strong enough to wipe out he parasite

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23
Q

Disease

A

interruption of the normal function of an organ and or a morbid change in a tissue

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24
Q

Infection

A

acquisition of a microorganism that may establish itself (grow and reproduce) in/on a host or may be transient in a host

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25
Q

Infestation

A

microorganism living on the surface of a host. Pets with Flees

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26
Q

All parasites elicite immune responses including the formation of

A

IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies

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27
Q

Host’s immune response to parasitic infection is complex and time consuming and sometimes ineffective. Why?

A
  1. Rapid rate of reproduction
  2. Large size
  3. Production of slime layer
  4. Complex life-cycle (various morphological forms and antigen conversions)
  5. Masking of there surface antigens withe n host cell maker (HLA= Human leukocyte Antigen)
  6. By=production can prevent the function of antibodies macrophages lymphocytes and cause immunosuppression
  7. Production of high level of IgE Antibody (Helminth Worm)
  8. Induce T-Cell delayed hypersensitivity response (protozoa)
  9. Concominant
  10. Parasitic organism that had a long coevolution with their host
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28
Q

Concominant

A

Parasites larval form can be destroyed by host antibodies, and the presence of these antibodies provide resistance to reinfestation by new larvae

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29
Q

Protozoa

A

Single Celled organism, animal like, microbes usually having motility

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30
Q

Classification of Protozoa

A
  1. style of movement
  2. Mode of reproduction
  3. Stages in life Cycle
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31
Q

Sarcodina

A

Ameba

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32
Q

Sarcodina/Ameba

A

Pseudopdia (false feet)
some flagella during reproduction

most are not infectious

Reprodution Binary Fission

Usual form cyst

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33
Q

Enamoeba histoytica

A

only human pathogen ameba

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34
Q

Mastogophora

A

Glagellata

35
Q

Mastogophora/Flagellata

A

flagella with some ameboid species
sexual and asexual reproduction
most free living
some parasite

36
Q

Trypanosoma and Leishmania

A

Flagellata parasites with one flagellum

37
Q

Giardia

A

Flagellata parasite with 4 flagellum

Intestinal

38
Q

Trichomonas

A

Flagellata parasite with 6 flagellum

reproductive tract

39
Q

Ciliphora

A

Ciliata

40
Q

Ciliphora/Ciliata

A

Moved by Cilia
also used for attachment and feeding
Transverse fission = asexual
majority free living

41
Q

Balantidium coli

A

only pathogenic Ciliate

lives in animals intestines may infect humans

42
Q

Sporozoa

A 
Movement not characteristic
soe flagella or pseupoda preset
well developed asexual and sexual stages
most form cyst
ALL ARE PARASITIC
43
Q

Plasmodium

A

causes Malaria

100-300 million cases/year in world

44
Q

Transition of protozoa

A

ingestion infected stage or protozoa

arthropod vector

45
Q

Sacodina/Ameba

General Characteristics

A
  1. Motile and parasite to human intestine
  2. Reproduce by simple asexual division
  3. Most common in the lower GI tract
  4. Some form of non-feeding, non-motile cyst stage
    which is infective to humans
  5. Transmission by ingestion of cyst in fecaffy contaminated food or water
46
Q

Morphological Life Cycle of Amebea:

A

Trophozoite—Active feeding cell
This stage is metabolizing stage and sensitive to environmental change.
Cyst—A dormant form that can survive for periods outside the host.

47
Q

Morphological Life Cycle of Amebea:

A

It is surrounded by mineral wall, mostly calcium, and is resistant to environmental changes ( e.g….heat, cold …etc.).
May have 1-8 nuclei depending to species Each nucleus can produce one adult trophozoite during excyst stage
Infection usually acquired by ingestion of food or drink contaminated with cyst

48
Q

Excystation–Amebea

A

Cyst survive the oral and gastric secretions but alkaline pH and digestive juice stimulate excystation within 24 hours.

49
Q

Cyst to Trophozoites

A

One nucleus = one Trophozoite

50
Q

Encystation - Amebea

A

As trophozoites moves along with bowel

movement, the environemnt becomes drier and the trophozoites start to undergo encystation

51
Q

Cyst formation

A

cannot occur in active dysentery because the feces are so rapidly flushed from body.

52
Q

Transmitionof Protozoa

A
  1. Ingestion of the cyst stage in food/water and hand to mouth.
  2. Via arthropod vector - such as the mosquito. Usually, these infect
    subcutaneous tissues, deep organs etc.
  3. Intimate contact - such as trichomonas found in the oral passage, urethra
    of males, vaginal tract of females. We transmit the adult organism from person to person or host to host (sorry - the picture was cut out to avoid X-rating).
  4. Penetration of the skin - usually these would be things like hookworms. The parasite is out in the environment and penetrates into the skin to the
    circulatory system which takes it to the intestinal tract. Anther example is swimmer’s itch.
53
Q

Trophozoite

A

requires ample food and moisture to remain active.

54
Q

Cyst stage

A

dormant, resting stage

when conditions in the environment become unfavorable for growth and feeding.

55
Q

Encystment

A

he trophozoite cell fOlmds up into a sphere, and its ectoplasm secretes a tough, thick cuticle around the cell membrane.

56
Q

Excystment

A

If provided with moisture and nutrients, a cyst break open and releases the active trophozoite.

57
Q

Trophozoite

A

adult stage of protozoa. There is lots of cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus. Trophozoites are produced by binary fission (asexual). The trophozoite has mobility. In humans, they are usually found in the small intestines which is very wet and highly acidic. As it passes to the rectum the pH rises and the oxygen content decreases so that by the rectum the stool is well formed. These changes are bad for the protozoa and since there is no more moisture and nutrient it undergoes excystment to cyst stage by the rectum.

58
Q

Cyst

A

dormant stage. Just a nucleus with very little cytoplasm. The cyst forms when the organism sense the pH, moisture and oxygen change and decides to condense its nucleus and squeeze out all of the free water. The only water left is bound water - water bound to the chromosomes. The DNA is double stranded and hydrogen bonding holds the strands together. That hydrogen bonding comes from water that is bound to the DNA Bound
water does not freeze nor does it become steam if you heat up that organism. As a result, the cyst can be out in the environment for long periods of time through freezing and ultra hot temperatures and survive. The cyst may contain 1-8 nuclei depending on the species. One cyst that contains 8 nuclei will give rise to four adult forms. (We said the cycle is both protective and reproductive ).

59
Q

trophozoite vs cyst

A

The trophozoite usually produces the symptoms but we usually consume and excrete the cyst. cyst tends to be the infective stage

60
Q

Host-Parasite Relationship: Depends on various factors:

A

I. Number of parasites: pathogenicity is usually proportional to the number of adults that are present.

  1. Different people have different tolerance levels.
  2. Toxic secretions - are what actually cause diarrhea to occur. 4. Host Response: Natural and acquired resistance.
61
Q

Entamoeba Histolytica

A

amebic dysentery

62
Q

Entamoeba Histolytica

Epidemiology

A

Worldwide

63
Q

Entamoeba Histolytica

Forms

A

Trophozoites in large intestinal

mucosa, liver, or other tissues

64
Q

Entamoeba Histolytica

Infection

A

Ingestion of cyst in

fecally contaminated food or water

65
Q

Entamoeba Histolytica

Disease

A

Amebiasis, amebic dysentery, amebic hepatitis (if the liver is involved)

Enteritis with
abdominal pain
and bloody dysentery Diagnosis: cysts and trophozoites in feces

66
Q

Entamoeba Histolytica

Symptoms

A

abdominal pain, fever” diarrhea, fatigue, bloody dysentery and weight loss.

67
Q

Entamoeba Histolytica

extraintestinal

A

a. amebic hepatitis-necrotized
and fluid develop at the site of invasion of trophozoites Symptoms: Enlarged liver, fever, chills, and leukocytosis.
b. pulmonary amebiasis-by direct penetration of the diaphragm get to the lung.
c. Less frequently invade spleen, kidney, skin, and brain.

Chronic infection may last for years, and
amebiasis is often spread by chronic healthy carriers.

68
Q

Entamoeba Histolytica

Primary infectionsite

A

Cecum

69
Q

Dysentery

A

Dysentery is diarrhea with blood and mucous in it

70
Q

Naegleria Fowleri-

A

Free living ameba—
Normally found among water fowls, ducks, geese
and swans. They are abundant in standing fresh
water, lake, ponds, and even swimming pools and hot tubs.
In animals it causes an intestinal infection with diarrhea or dysentery.
Accidental parasites of human, and may cause primary acute meningeoencephalitis.

71
Q

trophozoite of Naegleria

A

small, flask- shaped that moves by a single broad pseudopod.

72
Q

Naegleria fowleri

Disease

A 
Primary acute meningoencephalitis
Infection begins through nasal passage as a result
of swimming or diving.
Amebic form=> 
l nasal mucosa=>
2 multiplication =>
3 migration=>
4 cross the
cribiform plate=>
5 enters the brain and meninges 
6 rapid destruction brain and spinal tissues
7 hemorrhage and coma
8 death within a week
73
Q

Naegleria fowleri

A

(primary amebic (acute) meningoencephalit is (PAM)

74
Q

Naegleria fowleri

Epidemoilogy

A

Worldwide

75
Q

Naegleria fowleri

How Disease Occurs

A

Accidental entrance of free living water-borne trophozoites through nasopharynx mucosa

Water up nose forcefully

76
Q

MASTIGOPHORANS (THE FLAGELLATES)

General characteristics:

A
  1. Free living to parasitic
  2. Inhabit the gastrointestinal tract, atria (an opening, in humans refers to the mouth, vagina, and urethra), bloodstream and tissues of human
  3. Extensive role in human disease
77
Q

Trichomonas Vaginalis:

Reservoir–

A

human urogenital tract

78
Q

Trichomonas Vaginalis

Signs/Symptoms

A

Pathogen of the reproductive tract that causes
SID caned trichomonoiasis (Trichomonad vaginitis in females and urethritis in males).
Symptoms and sign:
female–
creamy, odorous, green to yellowish vaginal discharge, vulvitis, cervicitis and urinary
frequency and pain.
persistant vaginal inflammation causes tenderness edema, and itching
male–
asymptomatic infection- (for years that can lead to proctitis)
symptomatic infection- recurring urethritis with a milky discharge and prostate infection
majority of infected male are asymptomatic carriers

79
Q

Trichomonas Vaginalis

A

trich

80
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

Disease Producing Form

A

Trophozoites in urethra or vagina

81
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

Infection

A

Sexual Contact

82
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

Disease

A

Trichomonad vaginitis, urethritis, trich

Irritating, frothy vaginal discharge in women; men usually asymptomatic Diagnosis: trophozoites in urine or vaginal smear (no cysts formed)

83
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

venereal disease

84
Q

Trichomonas tenax

A

Is a normal organism of the human body commonly found in the oral passage. It is NOT a pathogen, but rather it is beneficial to us serving as a scavenger along the gingiva.

Parasitology: Micro 2 (4 decks)

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