Test 1 Notes Flashcards
What was the most densely populated area in the Americas when the Europeans FIRST arrived? Why?
West Coast; b/c climate was more tamed
The population of Americans before EU arrived?
~ 4 Million; about the same as England at the time
Differences between Tribes / Native nations
Language (not intercommunicating)
Ethnicities: They dont see themselves as one people (no one native ppl identity)
Different historical backgrounds
Similarities between Tribes / Native nations
Animal Interactions: Similar animals ALL throughout the Americas
Animalism
Views on Food
Little emphasis on accumulating WEALTH
No strict social hierarchy
No concept of land ownership
What religious concepts did Native Americans all have in common?
Animalism
How did Animalism influence Native Americans?
Influence their world views and how they interacted with nature (i.e didn’t hunt for SPORT)
How did Native Americans view food?
They all viewed it as a necessary need for survival
What is a limiting factor for population?
Food Supply
What did Native Americans do to get their food before Agriculture?
Foragers / Hunters
WHEN and WHERE did agriculture start to develop in MESOMERICA?
700 - 1200
What did Native Americans do with crop overflow?
How did this affect interactions between tribes / Nations?
Trade it; Form a trading system between tribes / nations
WESTERN REGION: West Pacific Coast
Lots of food
SALMON
WESTERN REGION: South West
Restrictions lead to technological advances: Irrigation
Nomatic behavior was limited; mainly lived in PUEBLITOS
CENTRAL REGION: Mississippi River area
River system allowed for CANOE TRANSPORTATION
Trans. lead to a large trading system
Home to the biggest civilization of the time:
Cahokia PEAKED @ 30,000
MOUNDS PPL
EASTERN REGION
Lots of war in between natives; THIS led to alliances (IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY)
Interacted with all the Europeans
What led to the Spanish stumbling on the Americas?
Ottoman Empire Expansion and capture of CONSTANTINOPLE lead to the TAX trade of the EU Merchants for Asian goods that come from the Silk road.
TAX TOO EXPENSIVE
Need to find NEW passage to INDIA to acquire NICE GOODS
Christopher Columbus
1492: Sails out
4 Voyages
Doest find anything but Spaniards start to settle there
Spaniards start to settle there
Columbian Exchange
Bring stuff from the Americas back to EU
Plants and diseases get exchanged.
New World Plants
Tobacco, Rubber, Vanilla, Cacao, Tomatoes
Old World Plants
Rice, Citrus Fruit, Onions
What happened to the Native population after interacting with Christopher Columbus?
They ALL died; 100%
What was the disease that killed 90% of the Native population?
Smallpox
Spanish Settlements in N.A
1565 - Florida
1598 - New Mexico
French settlements in N.A
1608 - New France
What was the focus of the Spanish Settlements in N.A?
- Used as outposts
- To watch for incoming threats
What was the focus of the French settlements in N.A?
Fish and Fur
Stablish Fur trade with NATiVES; 2/3 of trades with them
- BEAVERS - Water-resistant Hats
- Trade leads to friendly interactions between French and Natives
Netherlands settlements in N.A
1613 - New Netherlands
What was the focus of the Netherlands settlements in N.A?
Trading
What was the driving factor for England to get Colonies?
They desperately needed valuables for the international trade
The main thing was WOOL
- Needed pastures for SHEEP
Why did the WORKING CLASS of England move to the Americas?
- No jobs in England
- Religious conflict (Protestantism vs. Church of England)
What was the first effort by the English to establish land in the Americas?
1585 - Roanoke
1585 - Roanoke
Funded by a Joint-Stock Company (bunch of rich ppl come together to fund)
1809 - LOST DUDE no one knows what happened
What is a CHARTER?
Royal Stamp of Approval that gives the joint-stock companies exclusive rights to a certain region
What was the 2nd effort to settle in the Americas by England?
1609 - Virginia
1st English settlement in the Americas?
1607 - Jamestown
Jamestown, Virginia
- The House of Burgesses is established
- Tobacco is its main source of profit
What was the House of Burgesses?
1st self-governing English govt of Jamestown
Powhatan War 1622 - 1632
- English NEED LAND for TOBACCO
- Natives are on the land and wont give it up
- English poison Natives and burn their fields
- Natives FLEE WEST
Bacon’s Rebellion 1676
Indentured Servants revolt
Who led Bacon’s Rebellion 1676? Why?
Nathaniel Bacon
- Wanted to change the system
What was an Indentured Servant?
People willing to work for FREE for a certain amount of years WITHOUT PAY
In RETURN, free passage to the Americas and land after contract is done
1632 - Maryland
Catholic settlement
- Everyone was catholic in Maryland
Obtained charter through connections to the King
Where were the NEW ENGLAND Colonies?
Everything NORTHEAST of present-day NY
- NOT THE 13 COLONIES!
1620 - Plymouth
- Largely Puritan
- Mayflower Compact
What was the Mayflower Compact?
- The first governing document of Plymouth Colony
How did people end up in New England?
Got run off course but it worked out well lol
Who are Puritans?
- Sub-split from the Anglican Church
- They didnt like that the Anglican Church was too similar to the Catholic churtch
Why are they called Puritans?
Wanted to purify the Anglican Church
Why did the Puritans come to the Americas?
Religious conflict in England
What was the difference between the farming done in Virginia and New England?
Plymouth (New England): Farm for survival; land not sustainable for large crops
Jamestown (Virginia): Farming for WEALTH
How did the lifestyle differ in New England from Virginia?
New England: They were there to STAY; not driven by wealth finding
Virginia: ONLY WEALTH; planned to retire back in England.
1628 - Massachusetts
Once people heard Plymouth was thriving more PURITANS started to come over and formed Massachusetts
Difference between Plymouth and Massachusetts?
Massachusetts had Kings CHARTER
What was the concept of Freedom of Religion in NEW ENGLAND?
- Freedom of Religion meant ONLY allowing Puritanism
- Puritans are FINALLY able to be FREE to do THEIR religion
1636 - Rhode Island
Roger Williams
- NOT ONLY Puritan
- CHARTER
- Separation of Church and State
Roger Williams
- EXILED from New England b/c didnt agree with the way they treated Native Americans AND with having no separation of CHURCH and STATE
- Wants to BUY land from Natives NOT TAKE IT
What group of people, other than Puritans, were attracted to Rhode Island? Why?
- Jewish People
- B/c there was NO SET religion
Pequot War - 1637
Pequot vs. New England
-SET-OFF: RUMORS that the Pequot killed a WHITE MAN (lies)
What were the Middle and Southern Colonies called?
Restoration Colonies
-Named b/c its Colonies CHARTERED after the English civil war,
What was the cause for England not really governing the Colonies?
Conflict on the mainland:
- English Civil War 1642 - 1651
What was the result main outcome of the English Civil War that greatly affected the colonies in the long term?
King has LESS power and PARLAMENT is created
1664 - New York
- Captured during the Dutch-English conflict for the Dutch outpost in Africa
- Named after the Duke of York
1681 - Pennsylvania
- Got charter bc William Penn’s dad was LOYAL to the King
- Had no ministers instead had meeting houses.
- Abolitionists
1732 - Georgia
- FINAL of the 13
- James Oglethorpe got the CHARTER
- Made a place for imprisoned people to pay off debt
How did slavery in the Americas come to be?
- Developed over time
- Race wasnt the only factor
- Things such as ethnicity and different religious believes
- —- i.e Christians superior over all everyone else trash
What was the first type of slavery?
Native slavery in between tribes
- Later on used by Spanish b/c it was inherited from those tribes once they concurred them
Problems with Native Slavery?
- Natives rapidly dying from disease
- Resistance from the Tribes
- Constant escapees
How did the Spanish use slaves?
Mining Gold / Silver
What did the Spanish later use slaves for after mining Gold / Silver?
Plantation Slavery which was sustained with African Slavery
What were the advantages of African slavery?
- Not European therefore dont fall under European law (like Indentured servants)
- Easily identifiable (unlike natives) b/c not a lot of Africans on this side of the globe
What are Plantations?
Cash crops for selling / trading
Where were Plantations most successful?
In the Caribbean
What were the problems of Plantation Slavery?
- Slaves exposed to tropic diseases
- Slaves did HARD labor
- MORTALITY rates were high
Where were slaves taken from in Africa?
West Coast
How did EU get slaves?
EU bought them from African Slave Masters
What did the transatlantic slave trade consist of?
Africa to Caribbean and Brazil
About how many African slaves were traded?
~ 12 Million
What was the Middle Passage?
Part of the Transatlantic slave trade that referred specifically to the voyage between AFRICA and the AMERICAS
Who dominated the middle passage?
English
What was the mortality of the Middle Passage?
1/3 of people died during the voyage
- DUE to inhumane conditions
When did African Slavery get to N.A?
1619 to Jamestown
With the introduction of African Slavery to the Americas what happened?
- Laws changed to accommodate slave owners and the large numbers of slaves
- Inheritance changed from Father Stats to Mother Stats
- - i.e Mother enslaved then so its the child - The thinking of you are either FULL EU or NOT developed
Where was African Slavery most concentrated in the Americas?
- Where large-scale farming was done
- WHICH MEANT the farther NORTH you went the LESS slaves there was
What is the influential doctrine for the Puritans?
Predestination
What is Predestination?
The idea that everyone is already predestined to either get into heaven or hell, nothing done during your life-time can change that.
BUT a hint that you were destined for heaven was if lived a godly life.
How did Puritans keep people accountable for going to Church?
- Communal Accountability: neighbors
2. Legal Accountability; due to no sep. of Church and State
Why were Puritans so hardcore on education?
Got to teach the children to read the BIBLE
Who was the first to have Higher Education? Why?
- New England; Harvard
- To train ministers
Who was allowed to vote in New England?
ONLY those who were members of the local Church
- Had to proclaim faith publicly
What were Half-Way Covenants?
Less restrictive church that allows unbaptized members in and allow them to do religious stuff
Why did Half-Way Covenants form?
Later Generations stopped going to church and didn’t get their children baptized. By allowing them to join in they would get numbers back!
What were HARDCORE Puritans views on Half-Way Covenants?
- Worried about Puritanism being watered down
- Leads to the heavy persecution of people with different views
- — EXILE
- — EXECUTION i.e. Salem Witch Trials 1692 and Quaker Executions 1660
What were the major religions of the Colonies?
- Puritans
- Anglicans (Church of England)
- Baptist (Rhode Island)
- Quakers
- Catholics
What were the differences between the Colonies?
- Religion
- Separation of Church and State
- – ONLY 3 states didnt have it
What caused the Great Awakening (1730 - 1760s) ?
The drop in Church attendance
What was the Great Awakening?
An organic even that happened 1st in New England where ministers went around preaching about how they need to go back to GOD and all its predestination shit
Was the Great Awakening successful?
- No, church attendance dropped once the ministers stopped going around
- Lead people to join other churches instead
What was the main economic theory during this time?
Mercantilism
What is Mercantilism?
Wealth comes exclusively from gold and silver
What were ways to obtain silver / gold?
- Selling goods
2. Finding Silver and Gold
How does Mercantilism affect the colonies?
Colonies are only to get RAW materials for producing goods to SELL and get silver / gold
Could Colonies trade with other countries?
NO, only with England
Could Colonies trade with eachother?
Yes, BUT $$$$ Tax
Were the trading laws enforced regularly?
No, only for a little bit of time at a time
What did this neglect from England towards the trading laws called?
Salutary Neglect
What was the Anglo-French Conflict? Where it take place?
- Religious conflict between England and France
2. Most of the fighting took place in New England b/c of the N.A-Canadian Border
The Seven Year’s War 1756 - 1763 is also referred to as ______
French-Indian War
Who was involved in the Sever Years War?
French-Spain vs. England
Why does England become Britain?
Scotland + England
Who wins the Seven Year War?
England
Why do taxes go up after the Seven Years War?
EXPENSIVE WAR b/c it was fought on so many fronts
Why are Colonist upset about the taxing?
Taxation without Representation
When was the American Revolution?
1775 - 1783
What lead to the American Revolution?
Unhappiness about taxes and lack of Representation
What was the Continental Congress of 1774?
Meeting where ALL 13 Colonies Reps. met
What was discussed in the Continental Congress of 1774?
- Draw up list of rights colonist have / should have
- Organized a more direct boycott of British goods
- Told Massachusetts to do what it needs to defend it self
what is Lexington and Concord 1775?
Colonial Militia of Massachusetts vs British Troops SQUIRMISH
–Colonists die
Continental Congress of 1775
- Blood drawn during the Lexington and Concord –> what to do?
- Still NOT ABOUT INDEPENDENCE
Continental Congress of 1776
Meet up after the King said FUCK YOU, YOU ARE WRONG
- Support for Independence grew
What was the Declaration of Independence 1776?
- Explained what a good government does and how it should be structure
- Pointed out how Britain has failed to be a good govt.
What are the advantages of Britain during the Rev. War?
- Numbers
- Money
- Navy
What are the advantages of the American’s during the Rev. War?
- Territory
- Had no Capital which CONFUSED Britain
- Assistance from French / Spanish
How did France help Americans during the Rev. War?
- Sent troops to the Americas and Caribbean
- Ships
- Experts to teach em how to fight
How did Spain help Americans during the Rev. War?
Indirectly through supporting France and sending troops to the Caribbean
Why did France and Spain send their troops to the Caribbean? How did that help Americans?
- Wanted to take the Caribbean territory of England.
2. England withdrew from the Americas to fight in the Caribbean b/c its worth WAY MORE
