TEST 1 - Neuro Flashcards
The ________________ Nervous System consist of Efferent neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle
Somatic
Somatic Nervous System (SNS): consists of
efferent neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle tissue
Voluntary Movement is controlled by the
Somatic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System is under conscious or unconscious control?
The SNS is under conscious control and therefore voluntary
The ______________________ consists of Efferent neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is made of what 3 components
ANS consist of the:
- sympathetic nervous system
- parasympathetic nervous system
- enteric nervous system
ANS is responsible for ____________ innervation of various organ systems
involuntary
ANS Produces responses in____________ muscles and glands
involuntary
The Peripheral Nervous System is Formed by the ___________ & __________ nerves
Cranial & Spinal Nerves
PNS is divided into Afferent and Efferent Systems, and further subdivided into:
a. somatic nervous system and
b. autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic system _____________ or _________________ organ activity.
inhibits or decreases organ activity
Viscera receive nerve fibers from the two divisions of the ANS that have largely opposing actions
1) Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) nervous system division
2) Parasympathetic (craniosacral) nervous system division
Parasympathetic (craniosacral) nervous system division
inhibits or decreases organ activity
CNS Development begins in the?
3rd week of gestation
______________ folds inward and forms a longitudinal groove
Neural Plate/Groove
Neural Groove forms early in 3rd week of pregnancy
Embryonic layer that forms skin and CNS
Ectoderm
Which vesicle develops into mid brain
Mesencephalon
When the neural tube is formed, the anterior portion develops into THREE enlarged areas called vesicles: PMR
- Prosencephalon: forebrain vesicle
- Mesencephalon: mid-brain vesicle
- Rhombencephalon: hind-brain vesicle
Diencephalon consists of the?
hypothalamus and thalamus
The Marginal Layer develops into?
White Matter
Cells of the wall that enclose the neural tube develop into THREE Layers
Marginal Outer Layer (white matter)
Mantle Layer (gray matter)
Ependymal Inner Layer (ventricle linings)
Ventral
White Matter, Myelinated, Efferent
Dorsal
Grey Matter, Afferent
Conus Medullaris is anchored by an extension of pia to the?
Coccyx
CSF is found in the Ventricles, Cisterns and?
subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord
____ of CSF produced daily?
4-500cc of CSF are produced and reabsorbed daily… 21cc/hr or 0.35cc/min
Due to the rigid skull structure, an increase in volume cannot occur without an?
Increase in pressure
= Decreased CBF or Herniation of Brain
CSF is primarily produced by the
Choriod Plexus of Cerebral Ventricles;
Small amounts produced by the Ependymal Cells and through Blood Brain Barrier Leakage
CSF circulates from 3rd to 4th ventricle via the
Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius
CSF flows
- lateral ventricles through the
- intraventricular foramina of Monro into the
- 3rd ventricle, through the
- Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius into the 4th ventricle, and
- through the median aperture of the 4th ventricle (foramen of Magendie)
- and the lateral apertures of the fourth ventricle (foramina of Luschka)
- into the cerebellomedullary cistern (cisterna magna).
- From the cerebellomedullary cistern , CSF enters the
- subarachnoid space,
- circulating around the brain and spinal cord before being absorbed in arachnoid granulations over the cerebral hemispheres
Regarding an Anterior Cervical Discectomy with Fusion, all are true except?
deep extubation
CSF absorption is directly proportional to
ICP
CSF Absorption relationship to ICP and CVP
- directly proportional to ICP
2. inversely proportional to CVP
Where is most CSF absorbed and how often is the entire volume replaced?
Most Fluid is absorbed by Sagittal Sinus
Entire Volume Replaced every 3-4hrs
Umbilicus Sensory Dermatome?
T10
Brachial Plexus located at
C5-C8, T1
Constitutes the entire nerve supply for upper extremities and shoulder region
Sacral Plexus innervates and where does it originate?
Buttock’s, perineum and lower extremities
L4-S4
Which conveys sensory stimuli from receptors in the periphery to the CNS
Afferent
Bundle of nerve roots beyond the end of spinal cord
a. Cauda Equina
Brain Stem consists of medulla oblongata, midbrain and
Pons
Which cranial nerves are mixed?
V, VII, IX, X/5,7,9,10:
Trigeminal 5, Facial 7, Glossopharyngeal 9, Vagus 10
“Oh oh oh to touch and feel a virgin girl’s vagina and hinny”
I. Olfactory nerve. II. Optic nerve. III. Oculomotor nerve. IV. Trochlear nerve. V. Trigeminal nerve. VI. Abducens nerve. VII. Facial nerve. VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve. IX. glossopharyngeal nerve X. vagus nerve XI. accessory nerve XII. hypoglossal nerve
Spinal nerves are sensory, motor nerves or mixed?
Spinal nerves are Mixed; combine both sensory and motor.
Sensory neuron, what does they do
Pass impulse from receptor to a terminating axon in the CNS
Association Neuron
Mediates impulses between the sensory and motor neurons
Two hemispheres of the Cerebellum are separated by the
Falx Cerebelli
The Cerebellum?
Second-largest portion of the brain, occupies inferior and posterior aspects of the cranial cavity;
Separated from the Cerebrum by the transverse fissure and the tentorium cerebelli
CBF ____ % of cardiac output
15-20% (18%)
Brain oxygen consumption (CMRO2)
20%
Hypothermia stabilizes brain-blood barrier by decreasing PaCO2? and?
Decreasing CBF
Hypothermia
Decreases both CMR & CBF
Which doesn’t cross the BBB
Mannitol
The movement of a given substance across the blood– brain barrier is governed simultaneously by its ….
size
charge,
lipid solubility
degree of protein binding in blood
Acute Hypertonicity of plasma
pulls water out of the brain
CBF is constant between
MAP 60-160mmHg
Pressures greater than 150-160 mm Hg can disrupt….
the blood brain barrier causing cerebral edema or cerebral hemorrhage.
SEP monitoring, what should you not use
Roc and N2O
Pathology consistent with Oculomotor cranial nerve
strabismus and double vision
CN III: Oculomotor
(Primarily Motor)
Movement of eyelid and eyeball, pupil constriction, proprioception.
Injury: Strabismus, ptosis, pupil dilation, double vision, deviation of eyeball
Which space separates the dura from the arachnoid membrane
subdural space
Subarachnoid space is between
arachnoid and pia
Ependymal cells found in the
central canal and ventricles
Ependymal cells which 2 -dentrocytes?
Astrocytes and oligo -dentrocytes
Astrocytes
supportive tissue to neural cells, act as guide wires during development
Oligodentrocytes
form myelin
Ependymal cells
form CSF at maturation
Posterior fontanel joins
occipital and parietal bones
Cerebrum structure
Largest portion of brain
Cerebrum spreads over the diencephalon and occupies most of the cranium
Circle of Willis fed by basilar artery and…
pair of internal carotid arteries
When the Circle of Willis is complete, it contains two posterior communicating arteries and?
an anterior communicating artery
The Basilar Artery is formed from
two vertebral arteries
Vasomotor center responsible for blood vessel diameter
Medulla
Contains vital reflex centers (force and contraction of heartbeat, medullary rhythmicity of breathing, and blood vessel diameter)
Medulla
Medulla contains nuclei of origin for which cranial nerves?
Contains nuclei of origin for CNs VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII (8,9,10,11,12)
The most common brain aneurysm is found in the?
Anterior Circle of Willis
Communicating Hydrocephalus
Is NON-OBSTRUCTIVE;
Which type of hydrocephalus is there is obstruction in the subarachnoid space due to thickening of the arachnoid with resultant Blockage of Return-Flow Channels
Communicating Hydrocephalus
Non-Communicating Hydrocephalus
Is Obstructive
Which type of Hydrocephalus is most common?
Non-Communicating Hydrocephalus
Ventral (anterior) roots constitute
Motor outflow tracts from the spinal cord***(AVE)
CPP is mostly dependent on
MAP
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP)
CPP = MAP – ICP
PRIMARILY dependent on MAP
Normal CPP = ?
80 – 100 mmHg
Arachnoid Granulations responsible for absorption of CSF are located where?
Superior Sagital Sinus
