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BIO 114 > Test 1 modules 1-4 > Flashcards

Test 1 modules 1-4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

level 1 of biological organization (smallest)

A

atoms

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2
Q

level 2 of biological organization

A

molecules

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3
Q

level 3 of biological organizations

A

cells

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4
Q

level 4 of biological organization

A

tissues

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5
Q

level 5 of biological organization

A

organs

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6
Q

level 6 of biological organization

A

organ systems

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7
Q

level 7 of biological organization

A

organisims

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8
Q

level 8 of biological systems

A

populations

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9
Q

level 9 of biological organizations

A

communities

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10
Q

level 10 of biological organization

A

ecosystems

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11
Q

level 11 of biological organization (biggest)

A

biosphere

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12
Q

1st property of life

A

order

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13
Q

2nd property of life

A

cells

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14
Q

3rd property of life

A

growth and development

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15
Q

4th property of life

A

energy processing

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16
Q

5th property of life

A

regulation

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17
Q

6th property of life

A

response to the environment

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18
Q

7th property of life

A

reproduction

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19
Q

8th property of life

A

evolution

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20
Q

Homeostasis

A

the process of keeping internal conditions such as temperature constant in an organism.

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21
Q

Three domains of living organisms

A

Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria

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22
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

larger, more complex, have a nucleus, and have membrane-bound organelles

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23
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

smaller, simpler, lack a nucleus, and lack all organelles besides ribosomes.

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24
Q

step 1 of the scientific method

A

observe

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25
Q

step 2 of the scientific method

A

question

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26
Q

step 3 of the scientific method

A

hypothesis

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27
Q

step 4 of the scientific method

A

predict

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28
Q

step 5 of the scientific method

A

experiment

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29
Q

Hypothesis

A

a proposed explanation for a set of observations. an idea that you can test that is falsifiable.

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30
Q

Experimental variable

A

what is being manipulated by the experimenters.

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31
Q

control group

A

lacks or does not receive the specific factor being tested

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32
Q

theory

A

a comprehensive and well-sustained explanation. Happens when several hypothesizes come to the same conclusion.

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33
Q

Element

A

a substance that cannot be broken down into another substance by ordinary means.

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34
Q

atom’s three components

A

Proton (positive) , neutron (neutral) , and electrons (negative)

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35
Q

proton

A

positive charge

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36
Q

neutron

A

neutral charge

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37
Q

electron

A

negative charge

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38
Q

A proton and a neutron make up the…

A

nucleus of the atom

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39
Q

where are electrons found

A

orbiting the nucleus of the atom.

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40
Q

atomic number

A

equals the number of protons or electrons

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41
Q

an element’s atomic mass

A

equals the number of its protons plus its number of neutrons

42
Q

ion

A

an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons, acquiring an electrical charge

43
Q

ionic bond

A

the attraction between oppositely charged ions

44
Q

covalent bond

A

when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. the strongest bond. holds atoms together in a molecule.

45
Q

chemical reactions

A

make or break chemical bonds to form new substances.

46
Q

polar molecule

A

a molecule with an uneven distribution of charge that creates two poles, one positive pole and one negative pole.

47
Q

What is water

A

a polar molecule composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom

48
Q

water’s properties

A

high specific heat, good solvent, cohesive and adhesive, and ice floats.

49
Q

hydrophillic

A

water-loving

50
Q

hydrophobic

A

water-fearing

51
Q

hydrophobic molecules

A

Non-polar molecules that repel the water molecules.

52
Q

hydrophilic molecules

A

molecules forming ionic or a hydrogen bond with the water molecule

53
Q

acidic solutions

A
54
Q

basic solution

A
55
Q

pH scale

A
56
Q

buffers

A

molecules that minimize changes in pH in an organisim

57
Q

four major classes of large molecules

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

58
Q

Polymers

A

large molecules that are composed of smaller subunits (monomers)

59
Q

Monomers

A

small subunits that compose large molecules, polymers.

60
Q

dehydration reaction

A

two subunits are covalently bond to each other through the loss of a water molecule

61
Q

hydrolysis

A

A molecule of water is added to break the covalent bond and disassembles into subunits.

62
Q

organic molecules

A

contain both carbon and hydrogen

63
Q

inorganic molecules

A

do not contain carbon atoms

64
Q

carbohydrates include

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

65
Q

what is the function of disaccharides

A

to store energy

66
Q

polysaccharide

A
67
Q

two main types of polysaccharides

A

storage and structural

68
Q

storage polysaccharides

A

plants- starch. animals- glycogen

69
Q

structural polysaccharides

A

cellulose. occurs in the tough walls that enclose plant cells.

70
Q

fats

A

function in energy storage

71
Q

phospholipids

A

function in cell membranes

72
Q

steroids

A

function in cell communication

73
Q

make up fat

A

two different types of molecules: fatty acids and glycerol.

74
Q

what bond joins fatty acids to gylcerol

A

covalent bonds. they are formed by dehydration reactions.

75
Q

molecular structure of a phospholipid

A

composed of a hydrophilic “head” and two hydrophobic nonpolar fatty acid “tails”

76
Q

steroid structure

A

a carbon skeleton with four fused rings

77
Q

protein structure

A

made up of chains of amino acids. configured in a 3-D shape. One difference in structure is enough to cause the protein to fold in a different shape, which alters its function, which in turn causes disease.

78
Q

peptide bonds

A

protein is amino acids joined together by ________ _____, in dehydration reactions.

79
Q

denaturation

A

when a protein unravels and loses its normal conformation. this can happen in response to changes in the physical and chemical conditions in the environment. (temperature or pH)

80
Q

two types of nucleic acids

A

deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid

81
Q

DNA and RNA

A

holds genetic material and programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide/ protein production.

82
Q

nucleic acids

A

made of nucleotides. DNA has two strands of nucleotides, RNA has one.

83
Q

nucleotides structure

A

have a phosphate group, a base, and a sugar (deoxyribose for DNA and ribose for RNA).

84
Q

organisims

A

composed of one or more cells

85
Q

all cells…

A

are surrounded by a plasma membrane, use DNA to store genetic material, contain cytoplasm, and obtain energy and nutrients from their environment.

86
Q

plasma membrane

A

a semipermeable membrane that separates the living cell from the non-living surroundings. composed of a phospholipid bilayer with a diversity of proteins in the membrane as well as cholesterol molecules within the membrane.

87
Q

proteins within the phospholipid bilayer

A

have many functions including: transport/ channel or carrier proteins, receptor proteins, and recognition proteins. It allows certain molecules to pass but not others.

88
Q

types of prokaryotic cells

A

bacterial and archaea

89
Q

types of eukaryotic cells

A

plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

90
Q

structures in plant cells that animal cells lack

A

chloroplasts, central vacuole, and a cell wall.

91
Q

structures in animal cells that plant cells lack

A

centrioles and lysosomes.

92
Q

nucleus

A

contains long DNA molecules and associated proteins from fibers called chromatin. each long chromatin fiber constitutes one chromosome.

93
Q

ribosomes

A

the protein “factories” of the cell. responsible for protein synthesis. manufacturing proteins according to the instructions in DNA.

94
Q

vesicles

A

the transport vehicles or sacs of membrane that bud off of the rough ER and transport membrane segments between organelles

95
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
96
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

ribosomes stud the outside of the structure’s membrane. those ribosomes produce proteins or phospholipids that will be inserted into the growing membrane, transported to other organelles, and eventually exported

97
Q

golgi apparatus

A
98
Q

lysosomes

A
99
Q

vacuoles

A
100
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

Modifies proteins. manufactures and processes lipids and detoxifies waste products. produces an enormous variety of molecules. composed of both rough and smooth structures.

BIO 114 (1 decks)

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