Test 1: Medication Administration (Yvorchuk) Flashcards
Can you explain how to cut the syringe to prepare meds?
Cut barrel at injection end and completely remove and smooth the edge so it’s not so rough and irritating and make sure to mix it with molasses or apple sauce or peanut butter, desired consistency between watery and ball (medium)
How is oral medicine administered in horses?
directly by mouth
Why would you not just administer drugs directly in their food? or why sometimes would you need to do that and what extra step would you do following?
Disadvantages: powder settles to bottom, lost, and not eaten
Can be used in horses is they are difficult to give meds or head shy, if used should mix with handful of feed and binder, feed directly by hand
True or False:
We generally use balling guns in equine and bovine medicine administration.
False!!!!
Not in equine because it creates trauma in the back of the mouth!
What needle size and technique do we typically use for IV injections
typically 18G 1.5 stage needle; always seed the needle to the hub (hub leading edge against skin)
Where do we typically place IV in horses?
Jugular vein
What do you have to avoid and is most important to look out for when placing an IV?
Carotid artery
What 2 methods are there for IV access?
- Toward the head (for blood draw)
- Toward the heart
Why would we place an IV toward the heart?
you can tell more easily the difference between the vein and the artery (artery it would shoot at you you could fix it fast!)
IV catheters:
-Where can you place your hands and fingers
Only touch the hub
What is the most common organism when introducing organisms
clostridium (high mortality rate)
What colors are most needles
pink or green
Needle shy horses shoed be injected IV or IM toward the heart or toward the head?
Toward the heart! If they spook and rear up and away they drive the needle into their neck (better) come back to them
What types of syringes do you typically use?
Luer slip tip syringes, and typically use eccentric (better) when you enter vessel be somewhat parallel to jugular vein (within that vessel), allows you to be closer to the neck (centrally located port comes off the horses neck eccentric lays right up along the neck, use 6cc)
Where on the neck is the jugular and carotid artery usually found for injections? Why wouldn’t we perform these higher up?
- distal portion of the neck (middle third ideally)
- if you’re too high at the bifurcation of the jugular higher risk of thrombosis if the jugular
-
Why do we place the needle seeded up to the head? Describe the mechanics and basic what if process?
to ensure we don’t mistakenly inject into the carotid, make sure it’s all the way in and well placed into the jugular vein,
to be sure where you’re at when performing this injection
- first place needle away from the syringe make sure where you’re at then hook on syringe
- aspirate and get nothing
Now what do you do??
HOLD off jugular!! and aspirate again and get blood flash now!!
Now do you let go of jugular and inject? NO!!!! why??
Have to fill that jugular to get blood in that syringe so what does that mean about your needle?? so that indicates in the needle is up against the wall, in the wall or through to other side
so when you held off that jugular it popped back into the center of the vessel, so if you let go of vessel and inject needle goes back to where it was and its an intramural or extravascular injection…..SO leave the vessel held off and inject and then let go and pull out!!!!
Why is it important that the substance enters the vein?
- damage and trauma if given extravascularly
- muscle necrosis
- pain
- pharmacokinetic effects of drugs
- scar tissue formation causing roaring
- perivascular jugular vein injections can cause roaring!!!! recently laryngeal hemiplegia
Recommendations for needs size for IM
18-20 gauge (less specific)
Needle size for IM depends on?
- how fast you need to get meds in
- viscosity (higher viscosity larger needle)
- where you are placing it
What size needle can you NOT use for semimembranosus/tendinosis?
21 gauge (too small will bend the needle if they move)
Want the _____ size needle that can be used to cause the least amount of trauma
smallest
Meant to be injecting deep IM, is 1 inch okay?
No!!!
Always IM 1.5 inch
Steps for IM
- Needle in hand, holding it in hub (fingers fisted) not touching the needle
- warn them
- insert needle
- hook on syringe
- aspirate to check not in vessel, not meant to be there, why it needs to be to hub
What are the landmarks of the neck injections?
- Ventral to ligamentum nuchae( can abcess and don’t absorb drugs if injected in
- Lateral processes of vertebrae (above or dorsal
- Leading edge of shoulder
- Avoid fascial planes
What are the landmarks of the semitendinosus and membranosis injections?
- One hand’s width below tuber ishia
- One hand’s width above start of gastrocnemius tendon
- Outside thigh
rectangle
Avoid fascial planes, don’t inject over croup or rump area or near tuber ishei
Don’t be too ____ on pectorals? Why?
at thoracic inlet and they have a problem and has infection and can dissect through septic mediastinitis very bad,
be more ventral so it can drain if an abscess forms
For neck/ semimembr. + tend. injections what is the volume limit per site?
10-15 cc maximum per site in the whole neck location
10-15 cc max for semi’s but you can have 2 sites of injection in the same limb at one time
Death seizures and mild fasciculations are all caused by _____ injections?
Intracarotid injections
Neuro dys (LH), sloughing, infections like septic thrombophlebitis, phlebitis, cellulitis, inflammation, and fibrosis are caused by ______ injections
Perivascular
Intrathoracic dz (septic mediastinitis), cellulitis (clostridiosis), myositis, fibrotic myopathy, lameness, local inflammation/pain are all caused by ______ injections?
IM
