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Vertebrae Histology > Test 1 material > Flashcards

Test 1 material Flashcards

1
Q

State the 5 steps for tissue preparation

A
  1. Fixation
  2. Dehydration and clearing
  3. Embedding
  4. Sectioning and mounting
  5. Staining
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2
Q

What is the most commonly used stain?

A

H and E

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3
Q

What stains are commonly used for connective tissue?

A

Masson’s Trichrome, Mallory-Azan

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4
Q

Periodic Acid-Schiff Reaction stains:

A

secretions, basement membranes, and microvilli

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5
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of the microanatomy of cells, tissues, and organs and correlating the structure with function

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6
Q

Explain the difference between cells, fibers, and tubes in terms of their appearance

A

Cells: Variety of shapes & sizes, may be layered
Fibers: Solid structures found in connective, nervous, and muscle tissues
Tubes: Hollow, represents blood vessels, ducts, or glands

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7
Q

Transverse/cross section plane

A

Perpendicular to longitudinal a is

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8
Q

Longitudinal/saggital plane

A

Parallel to longitudinal axis

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9
Q

Oblique plane

A

Any cut that is not transverse or longitudinal - odd

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10
Q

In order to avoid misjudging section of a tube (# layers of a wall, etc) because of planes, what must you do?

A

examine whole/multiple cross sections of tube

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11
Q

What does the process of fixation do? What are the goals?

A

Goals:
1.Preserves the structure
2. Terminate cell metabolism
Process: using chemicals that permanently preserve the tissue structure (formaldehyde, alcohols, etc)

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12
Q

What does the process of dehydration accomplish? What are goals?

A 
Goals:
1. Makes tissues transparent
2. Allows embedding medium to penetrate tissue more easily
Process
1. Adding ethanol followed by xylene
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13
Q

What does process of embedding accomplish? What are goals?

A

Goals:
1. Allows for thin sections to be made while keeping tissue structure intact
Process: Embedding in paraffin(wax) or plastic polymer for sectioning (or tissue may be frozen for immediate medical diagnosis)

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14
Q

What does the process of staining accomplish? What are goals?

A

Goals:
1. Used to visualize cell structures
Process:
1. Dissolve paraffin if used because dyes are hydrophilic

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15
Q

How does specimen staining work chemically?

A

The dye binds to specific properties of biomolecules found in cells, tissues, and organs

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16
Q

Because specimen dye binds to specific biomolecules of cells, what must be true about the acidic/basic properties of both the dyes and the molecules?

A

Basic (catonic) stains = stain basophilic structures only

Acidic (anionic) stains = stain acidophilic structures only

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17
Q

The most common specimen stain in histology is

A

hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)

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18
Q

In H&E, list the colors of all the cell parts listed after staining is complete

Nuclei
Cytoplasm
Collagen
Muscles

A 
Nuclei = blue to purple
Cytoplasm = pink or red
Collagen = pink
Muscles = pink
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19
Q

Connective tissues are stained by which dyes

A

Mallory Azan Stain and Masson’s Trichrome

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20
Q

Why do we use Masson’s Trichrome stain instead of H&E?

A

Because it highlights connective tissue

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21
Q

Why would we use Periodic Acid Schiff Reaction instead of H&E?

A

Because it highlights secretions, basement membranes, and microvilli

22
Q

Why would we use Elastic tissue stain instead of H&E?

A

It highlights elastic fibers

23
Q

Why would we use Mallory-Azan stain instead of H&E?

A

It highlights connective tissue

24
Q

Why would we use Wright/Giesma stain instead of H&E?

A

It highlights blood cells

25
Q

Why would we use Cajal’s (Bielschowsky’s)and Del Rio Hortega’s methods (silver and gold stains) instead of H&E?

A

Highlights nervous tissue

26
Q

Why would we use Osmic acid stain instead of H&E?

A

Highlights Lipids

27
Q

Why would we use Iron Hematoxylin and Alcian Blue stains instead of H&E?

A

It stains connective tissue, mucus, muscle, and cell membrane structures

28
Q

What is the difference between simple vs compound microscopes?

A 
simple = 1 lens
compound = multiple lenses
29
Q

What is the resolving power (or resolution):

A

Ability of lens /optical system to produce separate images of closely positioned objects

whether you can tell difference of 2 adjacent objects (2-point discrimination) depends on power of microscope

30
Q

On a bright-field microscope, list what the parts below do/function

Light source
Condenser lens
Stage
Objective lens
Ocular lens
A
  • Light source = illuminates specimen
  • Condenser lens: Focuses light on specimen
  • Stage: Where specimen is placed
  • Objective lens: Gathers light passing through specimen
  • Ocular lens: where image is examined
31
Q

What cell structures can be visualized with bright-field microscopy?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Organelles (stain dependent, not typically seen w/ H&E)
32
Q

How does a TEM microscope work?

A
  • Uses a beam of electrons to produce an image

- Uses thin sections, 100um

33
Q

Describe the light and dark areas of a TEM microscope

A

Light areas = where electrons pass through specimen

Dark areas = where electrons are absorbed or scattered

34
Q

How does a scanning electron microscopy work?

A

uses electron beam to pass across the specimen surface - creates an image by detecting reflected or knocked-off electrons

35
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The material within the living cell excluding nucleus

36
Q

Plasma membrane

A

External boundary of cell - provides a selective barrier between the cell and outside world

37
Q

Structure and function of nucleus

A

Nucleus enclosed by nuclear envelope, composed of an inner and outer nuclear membrane. Houses chromosomes (DNA)

38
Q

structure and function of mitochrondria

A

Composed of outer and inner membrane with intervening compartment between known s the inter-membrane space

  • Generates ATP using ETC
  • Assists in synthesis of certain lipids and proteins
  • Generate heat in brown fat instead of ATP
39
Q

Structure and function of ER and RER

A

Smooth ER = synthesis of cholesterol and lipids and detoxification of certain drugs and toxins

RER = continuous with the outer nuclear membrane. Functions in synthesis and modification of proteins that are able to be packaged

40
Q

Structure and function of golgi apparatus

A

-Each golgi complex has a convex entry face = cis face, closer to nucleus
concave exit face = trans face, closer toward cell membrane

Packages and modifies macromolecules synthesized in RER

41
Q

Structure and function of endosomes

A

Transports materials from Golgi to lyosomes - intermedicate stages in the formation of lyosomes

42
Q

Structure and function of lyosomes

A

Intracellular digestion - degrade macrmolecules and phagocytosed particulate matter, contain various hydrolytic enzymes

43
Q

Structure and function of perioxisomes

A

Get rid of hydrogen peroxide wastes in the cell

44
Q

Structure and function of ribosomes

A

Small, non-membraneous and exisst as individual particles. Composed of proteins and r-RNA, synthesizes protein

45
Q

Structure and function of basal bodies

A

a cylindrical organelle, within the cytoplasm of flagellated and ciliated cells, that contains microtubules and forms the base of a flagellum or cilium: identical in internal structure to a centriole.

46
Q

Structure and function of centrioles

A

Centrioles are an organelle inside animal cells that are made of microtubules and are involved in cilia, flagella and cell division.

47
Q

Structure and function of centrosomes

A

They are made from two centrioles. The main purpose of a centrosome is to organize microtubules and provide structure for the cell, as well as work to pull chromatids apart during cell division.

48
Q

Structure and function of cytoplasmic inclusions

A

Cytoplasmic inclusions (lipids, glycogen, secretory granules, pigments) constituents of the cytoplasm

49
Q

Microfilaments

A

Function in movement of cells from one place to another and within cell itself - forms core of microvilli

50
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Provide strucutral framework to cell resisting mechanical stress placed on cells, and forms shape of cell

51
Q

Microtubules

A

The “highway” to get things from one place to another “ - forms mitotic spindles, cilia, and flagella

52
Q

Cilia

A

involvement in intracellular transport, to propel sperm or clear airway mucus

Vertebrae Histology (1 decks)

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