Test 1 Material Flashcards
Hippocrates
Father of medicine and the famous author of the ethical framework of antiquity (Hippocraic Oath). Dietetics as the basis of healing. Expectative therapy (watchful waiting) more valuable than active intervention; primum non nocere – at least do harm. Health as the result of the balance of the four humours; blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile and their four qualities – hot, cold, most and dry. Temperaments are associated with a relative abundance of each humour; sanguine (blood), phlegmatic (phlegm), choleric (yellow bile) and melancholic (black bile). The fundamental role of a crisis and critical days during the course of diseases.
Egyptian medicine
An art of mumification. Two classes of this procedure:
First class -brain and intestines were removed, the body cavities were washed with palm wine and aromatics and then were filled with spices and finally the body was kept in Na2CO3 (natron) for 70 days.
Second class (more economical course) – injection of cedar oil into the abdominal cavity and washing in natron.
Cato the Elder
– He had skepticism of professional physicians in the Roman Empire and denounced Greek physicians in Rome as the worst enemies and accused them of poisoning their patients.
Marcus Terentius Varro
He suggested that swampy places might be inhabited by extremely small animals that could enter the human body through the mouth, nose and eyes and cause serious illnesses.
Pliny the Elder
Was an author of the greatest encyclopaedia of antiquity Natural History. Some remedies suggested by Pliny: wound dressings made of wine, vinegar, eggs, honey and powdered earthworms, pig dung in the treatment of parasites, ephedron for asthma and cough.
Dioscorides
He is known for his work De materia medica, (The Materials of Medicine), which is one of the first Western herbals, (books about medicinal plants).
Aulus Cornelius Celsus
He gave the first description of the four cardinal signs of inflammation;
calor, rubor, dolor and tumor (heat, redness, pain and swelling).
Galen
He gave a good description of the heart, according to him the humours were created when nutriments were altered by the innate heat that was produced in this organ.
Galen was also famous for his knowledge of medicinal herbs, poisons and antidotes.
Tertulian
The theologian and philosopher that claimed that all sickness was the consequence of sin, therefore all medical knowledge as well as a therapy should be refused.
Touch of King Edward the Confessor
This was said to cure woman infertility.
Blood of Saint Thomas of Canterbury
Said to cure blindness, insanity and leprosy.
Saints Cosmas and Damian
Said to have performed the first holy transplantation.
Saint Apollonia
Associated with Toothache and Dentistry
Saint Lucy
Associated with eye disorders
Saint Margaret
Associated with pregnancy and gynaecology
Saint Anastasia
Associated with headache
Saint Aldegunda
Associated with cancer
Saint Sebastian
Associated pestilential disease
Saint George
Associated with skin diseases
Saint Hillary from Poitiers
Associated with rabies
Saint Valentine
Associated with mental disorders
Isidore, Bishop of Seville
Believes medicine is the art of protecting, preserving and restoring.
Health to the body by means of diet, hygiene and treatment of the wounds.
To him, medicine is a second philosophy which cures the body.
The first philosophy cures the soul.
University of Bologna (Italy)
1088 (the oldest in the World)
University of Paris
(France) 1090
University of Montpellier
(France) 1150
University of Cambridge
(Great Britain) 1209
University of Salamanca
(Spain) 1218
University of Cracow
(Poland) 1364
Roger Frugard
He was the first to describe the surgical methods of wound closure, skull trephination and litothomy (in his book Surgery, written about 1180 in Parma).
Theodoric of Lucca
He was an Italian surgeon who rejected the idea that the formation of pus was a natural and necessary stage in the healing of wounds, he also objected to the use of noxious wound dressings.
Henri de Mondeville
He was a French surgeon, author of a major medieval treatise on surgery
Guy the Chauliac
He was an eminent physician, and an author of the book (about 1363) on surgery that was still in use in the 18-century.
Student of Henri de Mondeville
Hildegard of Bingen
German abbess of Benedictine convent, one of the greatest medieval writers on medical questions. Her treatise The Book of Simple Medicine is the first book by a female author to discuss the therapeutic virtues of plants, animals, metals and also includes traditional medical lore concerning the medical uses or toxic properties of many herbs, trees, reptiles, fishes, minerals and gems. Second important text Causes and Cures discusses the nature, causes and treatment of disease and astrology.
Saint Walpurga
English princess who studied medicine and founded a convent in Germany.
Trotula
She taught, wrote and practiced medicine during the 12-century at the University of Salerno. Her work includes discussions of gynaecology, obstetrix, cosmetics, it also provides advice about hygiene, menstruation, and infertility.
Jacoba Felicie (Jaqueline)
She was from Paris, probably the first woman practitioner, she visited the sick, examined their pulse, urine, bodies and limbs, prescribed drugs.
Alkmaeon of Croton
He is an ancient Greek anatomist - first identification of arteries and veins. He thought that the sperm is produced within the brain.
Herophilus
Greek anatomist, the first to describe the duodenum, brain ventricles, eye, and the optic nerve.
Erasistratus
He is an ancient physician, discovered the trachea, described the liver, bile ducts and heart valves.
Mundino dei Liuzzi
He was the first anatomist to perform systematic dissections of the human body (in Bolonia, about 1300), author of the treatise Anatomia Mundini.
