Test 1 Material

Question 1

Hippocrates

Answer 1

Father of medicine and the famous author of the ethical framework of antiquity (Hippocraic Oath). Dietetics as the basis of healing. Expectative therapy (watchful waiting) more valuable than active intervention; primum non nocere – at least do harm. Health as the result of the balance of the four humours; blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile and their four qualities – hot, cold, most and dry. Temperaments are associated with a relative abundance of each humour; sanguine (blood), phlegmatic (phlegm), choleric (yellow bile) and melancholic (black bile). The fundamental role of a crisis and critical days during the course of diseases.

Question 2

Egyptian medicine

Answer 2

An art of mumification. Two classes of this procedure:

First class -brain and intestines were removed, the body cavities were washed with palm wine and aromatics and then were filled with spices and finally the body was kept in Na2CO3 (natron) for 70 days.

Second class (more economical course) – injection of cedar oil into the abdominal cavity and washing in natron.

Question 3

Cato the Elder

Answer 3

– He had skepticism of professional physicians in the Roman Empire and denounced Greek physicians in Rome as the worst enemies and accused them of poisoning their patients.

Question 4

Marcus Terentius Varro

Answer 4

He suggested that swampy places might be inhabited by extremely small animals that could enter the human body through the mouth, nose and eyes and cause serious illnesses.

Question 5

Pliny the Elder

Answer 5

Was an author of the greatest encyclopaedia of antiquity Natural History. Some remedies suggested by Pliny: wound dressings made of wine, vinegar, eggs, honey and powdered earthworms, pig dung in the treatment of parasites, ephedron for asthma and cough.

Question 6

Dioscorides

Answer 6

He is known for his work De materia medica, (The Materials of Medicine), which is one of the first Western herbals, (books about medicinal plants).

Question 7

Aulus Cornelius Celsus

Answer 7

He gave the first description of the four cardinal signs of inflammation;

calor, rubor, dolor and tumor (heat, redness, pain and swelling).

Question 8

Galen

Answer 8

He gave a good description of the heart, according to him the humours were created when nutriments were altered by the innate heat that was produced in this organ.

_{Galen was also famous for his knowledge of medicinal herbs, poisons and antidotes.}

Question 9

Tertulian

Answer 9

The theologian and philosopher that claimed that all sickness was the consequence of sin, therefore all medical knowledge as well as a therapy should be refused.

Question 10

Touch of King Edward the Confessor

Answer 10

This was said to cure woman infertility.

Question 11

Blood of Saint Thomas of Canterbury

Answer 11

Said to cure blindness, insanity and leprosy.

Question 12

Saints Cosmas and Damian

Answer 12

Said to have performed the first holy transplantation.

Question 13

Saint Apollonia

Answer 13

Associated with Toothache and Dentistry

Question 14

Saint Lucy

Answer 14

Associated with eye disorders

Question 15

Saint Margaret

Answer 15

Associated with pregnancy and gynaecology

Question 16

Saint Anastasia

Answer 16

Associated with headache

Question 17

Saint Aldegunda

Answer 17

Associated with cancer

Question 18

Saint Sebastian

Answer 18

Associated pestilential disease

Question 19

Saint George

Answer 19

Associated with skin diseases

Question 20

Saint Hillary from Poitiers

Answer 20

Associated with rabies

Question 21

Saint Valentine

Answer 21

Associated with mental disorders

Question 22

Isidore, Bishop of Seville

Answer 22

Believes medicine is the art of protecting, preserving and restoring.

Health to the body by means of diet, hygiene and treatment of the wounds.

To him, medicine is a second philosophy which cures the body.

The first philosophy cures the soul.

Question 23

University of Bologna (Italy)

Answer 23

1088 (the oldest in the World)

Question 24

University of Paris

Answer 24

(France) 1090

Question 25

University of Montpellier

Answer 25

(France) 1150

Question 26

University of Cambridge

Answer 26

(Great Britain) 1209

Question 27

University of Salamanca

Answer 27

(Spain) 1218

Question 28

University of Cracow

Answer 28

(Poland) 1364

Question 29

Roger Frugard

Answer 29

He was the first to describe the surgical methods of wound closure, skull trephination and litothomy (in his book Surgery, written about 1180 in Parma).

Question 30

Theodoric of Lucca

Answer 30

He was an Italian surgeon who rejected the idea that the formation of pus was a natural and necessary stage in the healing of wounds, he also objected to the use of noxious wound dressings.

Question 31

Henri de Mondeville

Answer 31

He was a French surgeon, author of a major medieval treatise on surgery

Question 32

Guy the Chauliac

Answer 32

He was an eminent physician, and an author of the book (about 1363) on surgery that was still in use in the 18-century.

_{Student of Henri de Mondeville}

Question 33

Hildegard of Bingen

Answer 33

German abbess of Benedictine convent, one of the greatest medieval writers on medical questions. Her treatise The Book of Simple Medicine is the first book by a female author to discuss the therapeutic virtues of plants, animals, metals and also includes traditional medical lore concerning the medical uses or toxic properties of many herbs, trees, reptiles, fishes, minerals and gems. Second important text Causes and Cures discusses the nature, causes and treatment of disease and astrology.

Question 34

Saint Walpurga

Answer 34

English princess who studied medicine and founded a convent in Germany.

Question 35

Trotula

Answer 35

She taught, wrote and practiced medicine during the 12-century at the University of Salerno. Her work includes discussions of gynaecology, obstetrix, cosmetics, it also provides advice about hygiene, menstruation, and infertility.

Question 36

Jacoba Felicie (Jaqueline)

Answer 36

She was from Paris, probably the first woman practitioner, she visited the sick, examined their pulse, urine, bodies and limbs, prescribed drugs.

Question 37

Alkmaeon of Croton

Answer 37

He is an ancient Greek anatomist - first identification of arteries and veins. He thought that the sperm is produced within the brain.

Question 38

Herophilus

Answer 38

Greek anatomist, the first to describe the duodenum, brain ventricles, eye, and the optic nerve.

Question 39

Erasistratus

Answer 39

He is an ancient physician, discovered the trachea, described the liver, bile ducts and heart valves.

Question 40

Mundino dei Liuzzi

Answer 40

He was the first anatomist to perform systematic dissections of the human body (in Bolonia, about 1300), author of the treatise Anatomia Mundini.