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Anatomy and Physiology > Test 1: Levels of Organization, Homeostasis, and Directional Terms > Flashcards

Test 1: Levels of Organization, Homeostasis, and Directional Terms Flashcards

1
Q

atom

A

single particle of an element

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2
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms of the same element chemically bonded

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3
Q

compound

A

two or more atoms of different elements chemically bonded

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4
Q

everything in the universe is made up of

A

matter

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5
Q

inorganic compounds

A

do not contain carbon

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6
Q

organic compounds

A

do contain carbon

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7
Q

examples of inorganic compounds

A

water, salts, acids, bases

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8
Q

examples of organic compounds

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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9
Q

cells

A

basic unit of structure and function

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10
Q

the __ and __ of cells vary considerably

A

size, shape

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11
Q

the nearly 100 trillion cells in the average adult can be classified into ___ different cell types

A

200

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12
Q

a cell’s size and shape is directly related to its ____

A

function

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13
Q

tissues

A

cluster of connected cells with similar functions

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14
Q

histology

A

the study of the microscopic structure of tissues

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15
Q

epithelial tissue

A

made up of cells that line the inner and outer body surfaces to protect the body and its internal organs, and secrete and absorb substances

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16
Q

skin and the lining of the digestive tract are examples of ___ tissue

A

epithelial

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17
Q

epithelial is classified based on cell ___ and ___ (layers)

A

shape, arrangement

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18
Q

a flat cell shape

A

squamous

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19
Q

a cube cell shape

A

cuboidal

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20
Q

a vertical cell shape

A

columnar

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21
Q

simple cell arrangement

A

single layer, thin, good for secretion, absorption, and filtration, not good for protection

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22
Q

stratified cell arrangement

A

more than one layer, durable, good for protection

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23
Q

connective tissue

A

made up of cells that form the body’s structure

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24
Q

bone, cartilage, and adipose (fat) are examples of

A

connective tissue

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25
dense connective tissue
matrix of collagen fibers with fibroblasts (fiber-forming cells) that form strong, rope-like tissue
26
loose connective tissue
softer, more cells, less fiber
27
areolar tissue
most widely distributed connective tissue, wraps around organs holding them in place and providing protection
28
adipose tissue
commonly called fat tissue, insulation/protection
29
reticular tissue
delicate framework of reticular fibers that create internal framework to support freely moving cells (like blood cells)
30
muscle tissue
made up of cells that have the unique ability to contract, or become shorter
31
what do muscles do?
attach to bones and enable the body to move
32
nervous tissue
made up of neurons, or nerve cells, that carry electrical messages
33
___ tissue makes up the brain and the nerves that connect the brain to all parts of the body
nervous
34
organs
structures that consist of two or more types of tissues that work together to do the same job
35
organ systems
groups of organs that work together to carry out a complex overall function
36
each organ of the system does part of the larger ___
job
37
homeostasis
the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's many regulatory processes
38
five basic regulatory growth processes
metabolism, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction
39
metabolism
the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body
40
catabolism
the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
41
anabolism
the building up of complex chemical substances from simpler components
42
example of catabolism
digestion of proteins in food to amino acids
43
example of anabolism
amino acids being used to build new proteins to form muscles and bones
44
movement
the motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells
45
growth
an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both
46
differentiation
the development of a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state
47
stem cells
precursor cells that give rise to cells that undergo differentiation
48
reproduction
refers to the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, and replacement
49
set point range
normal range the body tries to stay within
50
stimulus
an imbalance in homeostasis outside the set point range
51
sensor
monitors the change and sends "input" to the control center
52
control
processes input and releases output
53
effector
receives the output and produces response
54
negative feedback loop
more common, counteracts change, returning to homeostasis
55
examples of negative feedback
body temperature, glucose levels
56
positive feedback loop
less common, amplify changes, moving away from homeostasis
57
examples of positive feedback
fever, contractions during childbirth
58
anatomical position
standing upright, facing the observer, head level, eyes forward, feet flat, directed forward, arms at side, palms forward
59
prone
lying face down
60
supine
lying face up
61
head
skull and face
62
neck
supports the head and attaches to trunk
63
trunk
chest, abdomen, pelvis
64
upper limbs
shoulders and arms
65
lower limbs
buttocks, thighs, and legs
66
body cavities
spaces within the body that help to protect, separate, and support internal organs
67
cranial and vertebral cavities
formed by the skull and vertebrae of the spine, contains the brain and the spinal cord, lined with layers of protective tissue called meninges
68
meningitis
dangerous swelling of meninges often caused by bacterial or viral infection
69
pleural cavities
contain the lungs
70
pericardial cavity
contains the heart
71
mediastinum
contains the esophagus, trachea, thymus, and pericardial cavity
72
diaphragm
dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
73
abdominal cavity
contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine
74
peritoneum
thin slippery membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and the organs it contains
75
pelvic cavity
contains urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and internal reproductive organs
76
superior (above) vs
inferior (below)
77
posterior/dorsal (towards back) vs
anterior/ventral (towards front)
78
medial (towards center) vs
lateral (away from center)
79
proximal (closer to trunk) vs
distal (further from trunk)
80
superficial (close to surface) vs
deep (further from surface)
81
frontal plane
divides the body into anterior and posterior
82
transverse plane
divides the body into superior and inferior
83
sagittal
divides the body into left and right
84
mid-sagittal
divides the body evenly at the midline
85
anatomy
structure
86
physiology
function

Anatomy and Physiology (1 decks)

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