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Anatomy and Physiology > Test 1: Levels of Organization, Homeostasis, and Directional Terms > Flashcards

Test 1: Levels of Organization, Homeostasis, and Directional Terms Flashcards

1
Q

atom

A

single particle of an element

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2
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms of the same element chemically bonded

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3
Q

compound

A

two or more atoms of different elements chemically bonded

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4
Q

everything in the universe is made up of

A

matter

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5
Q

inorganic compounds

A

do not contain carbon

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6
Q

organic compounds

A

do contain carbon

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7
Q

examples of inorganic compounds

A

water, salts, acids, bases

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8
Q

examples of organic compounds

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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9
Q

cells

A

basic unit of structure and function

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10
Q

the __ and __ of cells vary considerably

A

size, shape

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11
Q

the nearly 100 trillion cells in the average adult can be classified into ___ different cell types

A

200

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12
Q

a cell’s size and shape is directly related to its ____

A

function

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13
Q

tissues

A

cluster of connected cells with similar functions

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14
Q

histology

A

the study of the microscopic structure of tissues

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15
Q

epithelial tissue

A

made up of cells that line the inner and outer body surfaces to protect the body and its internal organs, and secrete and absorb substances

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16
Q

skin and the lining of the digestive tract are examples of ___ tissue

A

epithelial

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17
Q

epithelial is classified based on cell ___ and ___ (layers)

A

shape, arrangement

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18
Q

a flat cell shape

A

squamous

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19
Q

a cube cell shape

A

cuboidal

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20
Q

a vertical cell shape

A

columnar

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21
Q

simple cell arrangement

A

single layer, thin, good for secretion, absorption, and filtration, not good for protection

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22
Q

stratified cell arrangement

A

more than one layer, durable, good for protection

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23
Q

connective tissue

A

made up of cells that form the body’s structure

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24
Q

bone, cartilage, and adipose (fat) are examples of

A

connective tissue

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25
Q

dense connective tissue

A

matrix of collagen fibers with fibroblasts (fiber-forming cells) that form strong, rope-like tissue

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26
Q

loose connective tissue

A

softer, more cells, less fiber

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27
Q

areolar tissue

A

most widely distributed connective tissue, wraps around organs holding them in place and providing protection

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28
Q

adipose tissue

A

commonly called fat tissue, insulation/protection

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29
Q

reticular tissue

A

delicate framework of reticular fibers that create internal framework to support freely moving cells (like blood cells)

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30
Q

muscle tissue

A

made up of cells that have the unique ability to contract, or become shorter

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31
Q

what do muscles do?

A

attach to bones and enable the body to move

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32
Q

nervous tissue

A

made up of neurons, or nerve cells, that carry electrical messages

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33
Q

___ tissue makes up the brain and the nerves that connect the brain to all parts of the body

A

nervous

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34
Q

organs

A

structures that consist of two or more types of tissues that work together to do the same job

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35
Q

organ systems

A

groups of organs that work together to carry out a complex overall function

36
Q

each organ of the system does part of the larger ___

A

job

37
Q

homeostasis

A

the condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes

38
Q

five basic regulatory growth processes

A

metabolism, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction

39
Q

metabolism

A

the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body

40
Q

catabolism

A

the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

41
Q

anabolism

A

the building up of complex chemical substances from simpler components

42
Q

example of catabolism

A

digestion of proteins in food to amino acids

43
Q

example of anabolism

A

amino acids being used to build new proteins to form muscles and bones

44
Q

movement

A

the motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells

45
Q

growth

A

an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both

46
Q

differentiation

A

the development of a cell from an unspecialized state to a specialized state

47
Q

stem cells

A

precursor cells that give rise to cells that undergo differentiation

48
Q

reproduction

A

refers to the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, and replacement

49
Q

set point range

A

normal range the body tries to stay within

50
Q

stimulus

A

an imbalance in homeostasis outside the set point range

51
Q

sensor

A

monitors the change and sends “input” to the control center

52
Q

control

A

processes input and releases output

53
Q

effector

A

receives the output and produces response

54
Q

negative feedback loop

A

more common, counteracts change, returning to homeostasis

55
Q

examples of negative feedback

A

body temperature, glucose levels

56
Q

positive feedback loop

A

less common, amplify changes, moving away from homeostasis

57
Q

examples of positive feedback

A

fever, contractions during childbirth

58
Q

anatomical position

A

standing upright, facing the observer, head level, eyes forward, feet flat, directed forward, arms at side, palms forward

59
Q

prone

A

lying face down

60
Q

supine

A

lying face up

61
Q

head

A

skull and face

62
Q

neck

A

supports the head and attaches to trunk

63
Q

trunk

A

chest, abdomen, pelvis

64
Q

upper limbs

A

shoulders and arms

65
Q

lower limbs

A

buttocks, thighs, and legs

66
Q

body cavities

A

spaces within the body that help to protect, separate, and support internal organs

67
Q

cranial and vertebral cavities

A

formed by the skull and vertebrae of the spine, contains the brain and the spinal cord, lined with layers of protective tissue called meninges

68
Q

meningitis

A

dangerous swelling of meninges often caused by bacterial or viral infection

69
Q

pleural cavities

A

contain the lungs

70
Q

pericardial cavity

A

contains the heart

71
Q

mediastinum

A

contains the esophagus, trachea, thymus, and pericardial cavity

72
Q

diaphragm

A

dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

73
Q

abdominal cavity

A

contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine

74
Q

peritoneum

A

thin slippery membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and the organs it contains

75
Q

pelvic cavity

A

contains urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and internal reproductive organs

76
Q

superior (above) vs

A

inferior (below)

77
Q

posterior/dorsal (towards back) vs

A

anterior/ventral (towards front)

78
Q

medial (towards center) vs

A

lateral (away from center)

79
Q

proximal (closer to trunk) vs

A

distal (further from trunk)

80
Q

superficial (close to surface) vs

A

deep (further from surface)

81
Q

frontal plane

A

divides the body into anterior and posterior

82
Q

transverse plane

A

divides the body into superior and inferior

83
Q

sagittal

A

divides the body into left and right

84
Q

mid-sagittal

A

divides the body evenly at the midline

85
Q

anatomy

A

structure

86
Q

physiology

A

function

Anatomy and Physiology (1 decks)

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