Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Micro > Test #1-Immunology > Flashcards

Test #1-Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what is non-specific/innate immunity?

A

pre-existing defenses providing rapid, local response to an invador

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is specific/adaptive immunity?

A

response to a specific immune stimulus that involves cells of the immune system and frequently leads to a state of immune memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which immunity type is antigen-independent?

A

non-specific/innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which immunity type is has an immediate maximal response?

A

non-specific/innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which immunity is antigen-dependent?

A

specific/adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

which immunity has a lag time between exposure and maximal response?

A

specific/adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which immunity results in immunologic memory?

A

specific/adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes (which give way to macrophages and dendritic cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

natural killer cells are a part of which immune system?

A

innate immune system, as they do not need contact with antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do natural killer cells work?

A

they are cytotoxic, they attack cells that have been infected by microbes but do not attack the microbes themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the primary functions of a macrophage?

A

phagocytosis and antigen presentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

T lymphocytes

A

differentiate in the thymus, are long lived, are many types: t helper cells which coordinate immune system, t cytotoxic cells which are responsible for destroying infected cells, and t regulatory cells which suppress immune response and modulate immune system function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

B lymphocytes

A

differentiate in the fetal liver and switch to the bone marrow, differentiate into plasma cells which are responsible for antibody production, and memory b cells which are formed specific to antigens encountered during the primary immune response and are able to live for a long time to respond quicker upon second exposure to the same antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

types of cytokines

A

lyphokines, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, interferons, transforming growth factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

peripheral lymphoid organs

A

sites where lymphocytes are gathered to contact antigens

lymph nodes, spleen, appendix, tonsils, and adenoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A

where hematopoietic stem cells that will become T and B cells mature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

flow within lymphoid system occurs via vessels that carry lymp which is collected from the fluid that bathes the body’s tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Thymus

A

responsible for immunogenesis in children, location of maturation of T lymphocytes produced in bone marrow, produces thymosin, thymus is not exposed to antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

size and activity of thymus as we age

A

starts out big and gets bigger until puberty then gets smaller (biggest at puberty), but function is highest in childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the two types of CD4 T cells

A

TH-1 induce cell mediated immune response

TH-2 activate B cells to produce antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are CD8 T cells?

A

cytotoxic cells, destroy virus infected cells and tumor cells, they find and destroy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

characteristics of positively selected T cells

A

foreign antigen specific

not autoreactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what happens to negatively selected T cells

A

apoptosis because they are not functional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what type of immunity and what is the function of the mucous membranes?

A

non-specific
the intestinal tract produces various enzymes and acid
the urine flushes microbes from urinary tract
cilia lining surfaces beat constantly upward to to propel microbes to throat to be swallowed
provides a mechanical barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the antimicrobial substances and their function of innate immunity?

A

sweat-creates dry salty surface of the skin
lysozyme-found in tears, saliva and mucous, degrades peptidoglycan
peroxidase-breaks down hydrogen peroxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the function of toll-like receptors?

A

found on a variety of host cell types

recognize compounds unique the microbes, allows cells to send chemical messages called cytokines to other systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the function of complements?

A

series of proteins always present in blood that act in conjunction with adaptive immune defenses, can become activated leading to a chain of events that results in microbe destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the two phagocytes?

A

macrophages: always present in tissue can be recruited to site of injury activated macrophages have greater killing power
neutrophils: more killing power than naive macrophages rapidly recruited to site of injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the inflammation response generated by innate immunity?

A

injury/invasion:cells sense and communicate trauma via cytokines, complement proteins also assist in sensing invasion
dilation of blood vessels: dilation of vessels allows fluid and cells to exit bloodstream and enter area of damage
fever: possible outcome of inflammation, induced by cytokines and sometimes by bacterial endotoxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How does the specificity of the adaptive immunity work?

A

recognition of foreign substances, a small molecule called a hapten can also act as an antigen but only when bound to a larger molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the humoral response of adaptive immunity?

A

eliminates antigens that are extracellular for example bacteria in the bloodstream
B cells produce this antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the cell-mediated response of adaptive immunity?

A

deals with antigens residing in within a host cell, for example a virus infected cell
T cells carry the burden for this job

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the structure of antigens?

A

large carrier molecule with epitopes (antigenic determinatnts) projecting from surface
epitopes interact with antibody and T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the origins of antigens?

A

exogenous-those that have entered the body from the outside (inhalation, ingestion, injection)
endogenous-those that have been generated within the cell as a result of normal cell metabolism or because of viral or intracellular bacterial infection

35
Q

superantigens

A

do not behave as normal antigens, rather than attaching to the MHC groove and triggering the normal immune response, superantigens attach onto the sides of the binding site
as a result T-cells go on an unregulated rampage uncontrollably releasing regulatory molecules such as interferons in toxic amounts

36
Q

Structure of class I MHC and class II MHC

A

6 genes for MHC I
1 gene for MHCII called HLA-D
HLA genes found on chromosome 6
the gene products of HLA genes are membrane associated molecules generically referred to as MHC I and MHC II

37
Q

Which cell does Class I MHC molecules present to?

A

cytotoxic T cells

38
Q

Class I MHC

A

found on all nucleated cells, display ordinary surface proteins, also presents “abnormal” proteins on surface of virus infected cells or tumor cells for inspection by cytotoxic T cells, cytotoxic T cells will ignore normal “self” proteins but will destroy cells presenting “non-self” proteins
some viruses and tumors can block MHC I

39
Q

How do Class II MHC present?

A

present antigens from outside cell
display “non-self” which will be recognized by helper T cells
MHC II proteins are found only on immune cells called antigen presenting cells

40
Q

Which is a more powerful killer activated dendritic cells or activated macrophages?

A

activated macrophages-have more lysosomes and more digestive enzymes

41
Q

Where are activated dendritic cells found?

A

in tissues which are in contact with the environment: skin, lining of nose, lungs, stomach, and intestines

42
Q

Which cell do activated macrophages present to?

A

helper T cells

43
Q

How do T cells become activated?

A

must encounter antigen presented on cell in antigen-MHC complex
must also be concurrently stimulated by other molecules

44
Q

Functions of activated T cells:

A

proliferate, develop into different effector cells
bring antigens to naive T cells
release lymphokines which acts as messengers, they do not respond to specific antigen, instead lymphokines act to recruit other cell types particularly macrophages

45
Q

What do TH1 cells do?

A

judge antigen presented macrophages, if it recognizes the antigen it responds by activating the macrophage
they orchestrate the cell mediated response by releasing lymphokines to stimulate proliferation of T cells, stimulate natural killer cells, and recruit macrophages

46
Q

What to TH2 cells do?

A

judge antigen presented by B cells
activated B cell to produce antibody
stimulate proliferation of B cells

47
Q

What do T regulatory cells do?

A

block induction and activity of T helper cells and B cells

48
Q

How is type IV hypersensitivity mediated?

A

cellular immunity

49
Q

What are lymphokines?

A

cytokines released by lymphocytes that act as chemical messengers and activate other cell types

50
Q

Which cells mediate humoral immunity?

A

B lymphocytes

51
Q

What are the characteristics of antibodies?

A

produced by plasma cells (from B cells)
they are found in blood serum
interaction with antigen causes b cells to differentiate into plasma and memory cells

52
Q

What is an antitoxin?

A

an antibody with the ability to neutralize a specific toxin

53
Q

What is an opsonin?

A

any molecule that acts as a binding enhancer for the process of phagocytosis, antibodies can be opsonins

54
Q

What part of the antibody binds antigen?

A

Fab, fragment binding portion

55
Q

What part determines antibody class?

A

Fc, crystalline fragment, the stick part

56
Q

Where is the variable region found?

A

the Fab region

57
Q

Where is the constant region found?

A

the entire Fc region as well as one domain of both heavy and light chains in the Fab region

58
Q

Which is the most abundant Ig?

A

IgG, aka gamma globulin

59
Q

Which Ig crosses the placental barrier to provide passive immunity to fetus also in colostrum and breastmilk?

A

IgG

60
Q

Which is the largest Ig?

A

IgM

61
Q

Which Ig is the first class to be produced in response to antigen?

A

IgM

62
Q

Which Ig can a fetus produce after 3 mo?

A

IgM

63
Q

Which Ig is the most efficient class at activating the complement cascade?

A

IgM

64
Q

Which Ig is foun din body secretions?

A

IgA

65
Q

Which Ig can cause anaphylactic shock?

A

IgE

66
Q

Which complement cascade is caused by antibody IgG or IgM binding to antigen?

A

classical pathway

67
Q

Which complement pathway does not require antibody/antigen binding?

A

alternative pathway

68
Q

Which complement pathway binds o sugars on the microbial surface?

A

Mannan-Binding Lectin pathway

69
Q

What are the three possible actions of complements?

A
  1. opsonization
  2. release various active substances including chemotaxis and promotion of inflammatory response (attraction of phagocytes)
  3. cell lysis
70
Q

Which class are the first antibodies produced during adaptive immune response?

A

IgM and IgG

71
Q

Do all antigens require presentation?

A

no, some antigens are T cell dependent

72
Q

What does T cell dependent antigen mean?

A

do not require presentation rather B cells respond directly to antigen

73
Q

Are there more T cell independent or T cell independent antigens?

A

T cell dependent, which do require presentation to helper T cells

74
Q

How long does the adaptive immune system require to respond during a primary exposure?

A

1 week or more

75
Q

During the secondary response which Ig class is higher and longer lasting?

A

IgG

76
Q

What does active immunization refer to?

A

immunity produced by the body following exposure to antigen, naturally or via vaccines

77
Q

Which type of vaccine is unable to replicate but retains the immunogenicity of infectious agent or toxin?

A

inactivated (killed) vaccine

78
Q

Which type of vaccine is a weakened form of disease-causing microbe that is unable to cause disease?

A

live attenuated vaccine

79
Q

which vaccine type is composed of key protein antigens or antigenic fragments?

A

subunit vaccines

80
Q

What is an advantage of the inactivated vaccine?

A

can’t revert to dangerous form

81
Q

What does passive immunization refer to?

A

immunity acquired by receiving antibodies produced by another animal

82
Q

Which type of immune hypersensitivity is associated with anaphylaxis?

A

Type I-Immediate Hypersensitivity

83
Q

Which immune hypersensitivity has antigen-antibody complexes lodging in the capillaries between the endothelial cells and the basement membrane?

A

type III-Immune complex reactions

84
Q

Which immune hypersensitivity is cell-mediated with T cells?

A

Type IV-delayed hypersensitivity

Micro (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions