Test 1 - Images Flashcards
MDx
EtDx
MDx: valvular endocarditis, diffuse, chronic, severe
EtDx: Bacterial endocarditis
What is the image of?
What kind of cell adaptation is this?
Canine uterus
Hypertrophy
Calf - MDx
MDx: eye, corneal opacity/clouding - occurs after 6-10 hours. It is usually bilateral and the eye is sunken.
What is this?
MALTs - lymphoid tissue in the intestines.
They may be more prevalent depending on whether there is more
These are normal to see.
MDx
EtDx
Disease
MDx: Kidney - nephritis, chronic, multifocal, severe
EtDx: Coronaviral nephritis
Disease: FIP
Describe the lesion.
What is the etiology?
The mucosa surrounding the cardia is lost and there is a well-demarcated ulcer. This is a metabolic disease.
Etiology: ingestion of finely ground grain or pelleted feed (possibly deficient in vitamen E), fermentation of sugars in the feed, stress of confinement rearing
What is wrong with this image?
It is a 5mo old puppy with suspected parvovirus
The tissues are not fresh and so you don’t know if the change is true or not.
Explain this change.
Is it a PM or antemortem change?
What species does it normally occur?
Chicken fat clot due to the separation of RBCs from serum.
This is a PM change.
Normal in horses because of the high sedimentation speed.
Describe the change in the image and state the MDx.
Which side is normal?
Thickened epidermis, irregular and protruding (hyperplasia)
MDx: Squamous cell carcinoma in situ
Right side is normal
What is the cause of the frothy fluid in the trachea?
Pulmonary edema and congestion in the lungs. Also look for heavy/wet lungs with rib imprints.
Image - the lungs should be pink.
Describe the cell adaptation occurring in this image.
Metaplasia - change in phenotype from normal columnar to squamous
Bovine - MDx
Bilateral, symmetrical thyroid gland hyperplasia, thyroid goiter
What kind of cardiac hypertrophy is this?
What are the implications?
Bilateral, Eccentric cardiac hypertrophy
The chambers regress from the inside out and so chamber volume increases.
Cat - MDx, Etiology
MDx: Cerebellum - diffuse congenital hypoplasia
Etiology: in utero feline panleukopenia virus infection (feline parvovirus)
Notes: Cerebellar hypoplasia - Cerebellum is not fully developed because precursors for that cell were destroyed in utero.
Another cause for this is BVD in ruminants.
Cow - MDx
MDx: Normal (hemorrhage), artifact during slaughtering process
Due to capillary fragility, spontaneous hemorrhage can be seen.
MDx
Cause
Disease Name
MDx: heart - pericarditis, suppurative, diffuse, chronic, severe
Cause - various bacteria
Disease name: hardware disease
Notes: pericardium is severely thickened and there is suppurative secretion
What kind of cell adaptation is this?
Describe the morphological cell changes.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Regular cell arrangement is lost and the nucleus is no longer centrally located (see normal image below)
Dog - MDx
Kidney - hydronephrosis (accumulation of urine) with secondary severe diffuse cortical atrophy.
MDx2: ureter - hydroureter
What is this?
Amniotic plaques. Normal findings.
What is this?
Normal equine fetus hoof
Describe the shape of the lesion.
Based on the shape, what does it tell you about the pathology?
Geometric - this means that vasculature was involved.
This is ischemic necrosis, hemorrhage is secondary to that.
Describe the margins of this lesion.
What does this tell you?
These margins are poorly demarcated.
This tells you that the lesion and adjacent tissue may be similar.
The process is gradually infiltrating normal tissue and is poorly contained.
What is this?
Cervical star - where the placenta was attached during pregnancy in a horse.
Normal finding.
Describe this adaptation.
Epidermal hyperplasia.
Normal:
EtDx
Hepatosis dietetica (nutritional hepatic necrosis)
Deficiency of vitamin E and/or Selenium
What is this?
Pulp kidneys in sheep - accelerated renal autolysis associated with Clostridium perfingens type D septicemia. Kidneys are soft and friable.
You can tell it is due to C. perfingens because the specimen has been dead for only 2 hours and ONLY the kidneys look like this. This is a result of accelerated autolysis due to toxins produced by the bacterium.
Dog - MDx
Muscle atrophy
Head muscles - atrophy, diffuse, severe
MDx:
Pleural cavity - acute hemorrhage (hemothorax)
Describe what’s wrong with the heart and notable changes.
What kind of cell adaptation is this?
This is cardiac hypertrophy from hypertension or aortic valve disease. There is a notable depression on the right side of the heart.
Hypertrophy
Horse
MDx
EtDx
Large amount of foamy reddish fluid coming out of the nasal cavities
MDx: PM artifactual nasal froth
EtDx: common artifact of dying
**May result from excercise before dying or euthanasia
What is going on in this bladder?
What species does this occur in?
Horse bladder fillled with sediment (calcium carbonate & mucous)
What is this?
Lingual hyperkeratosis of a foal. Normal after birth and will wear off.
MDx
Etiology
Snake
MDx: stomach - diffuse marked chronic gastric hypertrophy. Muscle cells are enlarged as well.
Etiology: Cryptosporidium serpentis
*** THIS IS A PATHOGNOMONIC LESION
Describe the distribution of the lesion.
Cow- kidney
Miliary - type of multifocal where there are numerous pin-point foci
What kind of cell adaptation is this?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
What is this?
Peyer’s patches of the ileum
Bovine - MDx, possible etiologies, type of necrosis
Brain chronic polioencephalomalacia
Thiamine (vit B1) deficiency, Pb toxicity, high levels of sulfur in diet, thiaminase containing plants in diet (braken fern) etc.
Liquefactive necrosis
What is this?
Unguiculate papillae in the rumenoreticular groove of a calf. Not lesions or polyps - normal finding. Appear this way because they are cornified.
Describe the distribution of the lesion
Kidney - cow
Since it is mostly affecting the cortex, this tells you it is through the blood. If it was in the medulla, it would mostly be through the urine.
What kind of cell adaptation is occurring?
MDx
Nephrolith is causing atrophy on the right side.
MDx: Nephrolith (xanthinuria) with hydronephrosis (collection of urine), cortical and medullary atrophy and medullary fibrosis, diffuse
What is the cause and EtDx?
Cause: poxvirus
EtDx: poxviral dermatitis
MDx
Lungs - pulmonary melanosis, focal, mild
Melanosis - surface accumulation of melanocytes
What kind of cell adaption is this?
When is this a normal finding?
Serous atrophy of fat in bone marrow.
Normal finding in older animals. In younger animals, it should appear red (see image)
What is this?
Gastroliths in a llama. Normal. Aids in digestion
Describe the color of the lesion.
What does the color tell you?
Liver - cow
The black pigment is fluke pigment (fasciola hepatica)
Horse - MDx
MDx: colon, acute necrotizing colitis
The grey appearing mucosa of surrounding the bowel is primarily autolytic change and artifactual. It should be PINK in a fresh specimen.
Part of it can be hemoglobin imbibition
What kind of cell adaptation is this?
Serous atrophy of fat. Note the white stripes (dilated lymphatic vessels).
What kind of cell adaptation is this?
What is this and when can this be seen?
Hydrocephalus with compression atrophy.
This can be seen in viral infections like panleukopenia virus.
Describe this change in the cow esophagus.
PM or antemortem?
Bloat line from Rumenal tympany
Antemortem change
Describe this change.
PM or antemortem?
Intusssusception in canine intestine.
PM change - no tisse reaction. Peristalsis continues after death if ingesta is present.
Describe the cell adaptation that is happening in this picture.
Atrophy of the brain.
Loss of brain parenchyma, narrow gyri, widened sulci
Feline - MDx, possible etiologies
Spinal cord hypoplasia (lumbosacral) following neural tube closure vertebral abnormalities
Can also be a result of viral infections
Dog - MDx
Liver, hepatocellular carcinoma with nodular hyperplasia
Dog - MDx
MDx: spleen, unequal expulsion of blood
Result of some scattered areas of smooth muscle contraction preventing blood escape at death or soon after. It is considered a PM artifact.
Cross-section:
Describe this change.
Fibrous hyperplasia of the gums- proliferation of fibrous connective tissue around the tooth.
TRUE/FALSE
This is a rumenal ulcer.
TRUE.
MDx: ulcerative rumenitis
*look at borders - ring of whitish areas. Fresh specimen.
Descibe the distribution of the lesion.
Lung - focal, Symmetrical.
MDx
Cause
EDx
Pathogenesis
Disease Name
MDx: multifocal necro-hemorrhagic nephritis
Cause: Canine herpesvirus-1
EDx: herpesviral nephritis
Pathogenesis: infection with canine herpesvirus-1 –> Viral replication in endothelial cells –> endothelial cell injury and inflammatory response –> multifocal necro-hemorrhagic nephritis
Disease Name: fading puppy syndrome (or canine herpes)
**this is a pathognomonic lesion.
MDx
EtDx
Disease name
MDx: Liver - hepatic necrosis, focal, subacute, severe
EtDx: Clostridial hepatic necrosis
Disease name: black disease
MDx
Lipoma - mesentery
What’s going on in this cross section of a heart?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
This is what normal looks like:
Describe this change.
PM or anemortem?
Bile imbibition: bile penetrates galbladder and stains adjacent tissue (liver, intestines, diaphragm). Appears yellowish to greenish brown
PM change
Describe the change of the kidney on the left.
NOTHING. This is a normal cat kidney.
Right is of a horse kidney.
Feline MDx
Gastric - lymphoid hyperplasia. Multifocal
Describes the margins of the lesions.
What does this tell you?
The margins are well demarcated.
This tells you the lesion represents a different tissue (tumor)
Describe this change in the spleen.
Is it significant?
Enlarged spleen due to euthanasia with barbituates.
This is insignificant and not written as a lesion.
What is this?
Equine fetus ovaries - normal.
Describe the distribution of the lesion.
Based on the distribution, what is the most likely route of infection?
CNS/Brain - bilateral symmetrical - most likely through blood.
Describe this change in the canine spleen.
PM or antemortem?
Pseudomelanosis: greenish-black discoloration as a result of bacterial decompostion of blood resulting in the formation of hydrogen sulfide with iron. Tissues affected: kidney, liver, spleen, gut wall
PM change
Caribou, calf: MDx
MDx: carcass, post-mortem caused carcass damage (margins are not inflamed)
Remarks: failure to see blood around the carcass damage suggests that this finding is only an artifact (animal predation caused after death)
Dog - MDx, Etiology
MDx: kidney: severe, acute, multifocal to coalescing, petechial, cortical hemorrhages (necro-hemorrhagic nephritis)
EtDx: canine herpesvirus 1
Dog - MDx, possible etiology, pathogenesis
Teeth enamel hypoplasia (canine distemper virus- morbillivirus)
Hyperthermia/viral infections –> virus infection of ameloblasts during enamel formation –> necrosis and disorganization of enamel organ –> enamel hypoplasia
What is going on in this picture?
Horse spleen - normal capsular indentation.
TRUE/FALSE
This is a rumenal ulcer.
FALSE.
This is rumenal sloughing caused by postmortem autolysis. This occurs if the specimen is not fresh.
Dog - Type of necrosis
Bilateral, symmetrical
Usually blood that results in that
Because it is mainly affecting white matter - we call it
Brain, leukoencephalomalacia
Cavitation, lysis - liquefactive necrosis
Pig - MDx
Nasal cavity atrophic rhinitis
Associated with bordetella bronchcysetica and pasteurella multocida (commensal)
Type A and D toxigenic strains.
Together they cause these necrotizing changes. Severe diffuse, can be unilateral and bilateral
Both are seen as respiratory agents
Describe this change.
PM or antemortem?
Osseous metaplasia of dog lung. Occurs naturally in old age.
Antemortem (insignificant)
Describe the location of the lesion.
Perirenal mass starting at the hilus and extending outward.
Describe the changes.
What is the name of the disease?
MDx: Kidney - atrophy, multiple cysts.
Cystic renal disease - PKD (polycystic kidney disease)
Describe the distribution of the lesion.
Stomach/abomasum
multifocal nodular area
Gastric hypertrophy
Rumen of a cow
What are some causes for this?
Sloughing rumen
- Autolysis (most common) a few hours PM
- Ruminal Acidosis - big issue in cows. Lesion is antemortem.
What kind of cardiac hypertrophy is in this image?
Left concentric hypertrophy (walls get bigger and chamber volume decreases)
Right eccentric hypertrophy
MDx
Etiology
MDx: Ventral fractures of the skull
Cause: trauma
What type of cell adaptation is?
Atrophy
Specifically - laryngeal atrophy that may have resulted from damage to the recurrent laryngeal n.
Describe the change occuring in this horse aorta.
Is this a PM or antemortem change?
Hemoglobin imbibition.
Hemoglobin is released by lysed RBCs, which penetrate the vessel wall and extend into adjacent tissues. It turns the tissue red.
This is PM change.
What kind of cell adaptation is this?
Serous atrophy of fat.
There is no reserve at the base of the heart.
It should look like this:
What is wrong with this image?
The organ was thicker than 1 cm. Therefore, the tissue was not fixed. Autolysis can occur in the center.
Explain this change.
Is it PM or antemortem?
This is livor mortis or hypostatic congestion. It is a PM change due to the pooling of blood as a result of gravity.
Can also occur in the skin, lung (image) and kidneys
What is in the picture?
Describe the lesion in the body picture.
Adrenal gland - The ratio of cortex:medulla should be 1:1
Lesion: nodular lesion (hyperplasia)
Feline DDx
Lymph-node mesenteric hyperplasia
Dog - MDx
MDx: meninges, unilateral darkened (hypostatic congestion)
Terminal artifact
**For it too be cerebral congestion and edema/inflammatory condition, the change would have to be symmetrical.
MDx
Spleen - lymphoid hyperplasia marked
Describe this change in the trachea of a cow.
PM or antemortem?
Ingesta is present in the trachea. This is not a significant change because cows regurgitate their food a lot and the glottis does not function PM.
PM change - you can differentiate it from antemortem aspiration because there is no tissue reaction.
Describe this change.
PM or antemortem?
Cold cataracts - corneal opacity due to dehydration
PM change
