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AP Pysch > Test 1 - History & Methods > Flashcards

Test 1 - History & Methods Flashcards

1
Q

behaviorism (key words + explanation)

A

conditioning, training, punishments and rewards
believes people can be conditioned to learn new things / act certain ways

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2
Q

humanism (key words + explanation)

A

needs, Maslow’s pyramid
view problems as unmet needs

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3
Q

psychodynamics (key words + explanation)

A

Freud, unconscious mind + pleasure principle, conscious mind + reality principle, childhood impact
Evolutionary instincts held back by conscious mind
Childhood influences adulthood

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4
Q

structuralism (key words + explanation)

A

self reflection
^ shows structure of mind

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5
Q

functionalism (key words + explanation)

A

evolution, adaptation, survival
how functions helped ancestors survive
influenced from Darwin

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6
Q

3 levels of psychological analysis

A

biological, psychological, socio-cultural

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7
Q

biological influence

A

genetic predisposition, natural selection influence on adaptive traits, brain mechanisms

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8
Q

psychological influence

A

learned fears and expectations, emotional responses

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9
Q

socio-cultural influence

A

peers and group influence, cultural (societal + family) expectations, media influence

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10
Q

levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (bottom up)

A

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization

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11
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

established first psych lab - promoted empiricism
human behavior studied (scientific method!!) through the lab controlled experiments

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12
Q

who believed in psychodynamic approach?

A

Sigmund Freud

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13
Q

who believed in structuralism?

A

edward titchener

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14
Q

who believed in functionalism?

A

william james

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15
Q

who believed in behaviorism?

A

john watson, rosalie rayner

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16
Q

who believed in humanism?

A

carl rogers, abraham maslow

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17
Q

4 biases / effects

A

ambiguity bias, confirmation bias, dunning-kruger effect, cohort effect

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18
Q

ambiguity bias

A

preferring simple, quick explanations over longer, detailed ones
decision to trust info is influenced by lack of information

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19
Q

confirmation bias

A

tend to favor information that confirms their already held beliefs

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20
Q

dunning-kruger effect

A

people believe they’re smarter than they actually are

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21
Q

cohort effect

A

impact of huge event on a group of people
ex. covid-19, social media, great depression, etc.

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22
Q

replication

A

repeating a research study with different participants in different circumstances to determine if results are constant

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23
Q

qualitative

A

descriptive, more subjective, can’t be reduced to numbers or categories

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24
Q

quantitative

A

objective, comparable, numerical and categorical based

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25
Q

does correlation prove causation

A

NO
ex. smoking doesn’t CAUSE lung cancer, but it increases the chance of getting it - some ppl have never smoked and still get lung cancer (+ vice versa)

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26
Q

case study

A

study a single person or small group, very in depth

27
Q

survey

A

asks many people to report their behavior/surveys, less in depth, subjective, lot of information, wording effect

28
Q

wording effect

A

poor word choice = poor data
participants don’t know what the questions mean

29
Q

naturalistic observation

A

watching and recording behavior of organisms in their natural environment, not much control for observer

30
Q

random sample

A

represents population by taking random portion to represent entire data set, generalizes, lotteries or random draws

31
Q

correlation coefficient (explain)

A

a number ( -1 through 1) that represents that strength of a relationship in a data set
closer to -1 or 1 = strong relationship
0 or close to 0 = weak to no relationship

32
Q

positive correlational study

A

two like statements (more-more and less-less)
ex. “more of this means an increase of this” and “a decrease in this means less of this”

33
Q

negative correlational study

A

2 unlike statements ( more-less )
ex. “raising this means a decrease in that”

34
Q

slopes for +/- correlation

A

+ corr. - + slope (increasing left to right)
- corr. - - slope (decreasing left to right)

35
Q

illusory correlation (explain + example)

A

data shows a relationship, but there isn’t actually one
ex. ice cream and murder - both tend to peak at the same time of the year, but for different reasons - data would show that there’s a relationship, but it isn’t true

36
Q

correlational study vs experimental study

A

corr. - studies uncover preexisting relationships
experimental - manipulates factors to determine specific effect

37
Q

double-blind study

A

study participants and staff don’t know who is in the placebo group and who is in the experimental group

38
Q

control group

A

group that doesn’t receive treatment, used as baseline

39
Q

random assignment

A

randomly assigning participants to exp. or control groups, minimizes difference in population group, takes out bias

40
Q

random sample

A

fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

41
Q

sampling bias example

A

high school students and drugs - excludes drop outs and homeschoolers

42
Q

generalizability

A

strong gen. means a study can apply to a broad group of people and situations, basically how much it can be applied to a larger group of people / generalized

43
Q

placebo effect

A

ineffectual treatment, perceived to have an impact by participant but doesn’t
used for control groups
ex. sugar pills with anti-depressant testing

44
Q

independent variable

A

factor being changed, effect is being studied

45
Q

dependent variable

A

outcome factor, impact of tested drug, how success is measured

46
Q

inferential stats

A

allows one to generalize, infer, and draw conclusions on our own - kind of obvious

47
Q

skewed distribution vs normal curve

A

normal - has symmetry and graph shaped like upside down v
neg. direction - no symmetry, peak of graph is towards right hand side of graph
pos. direction - no symmetry, peak leans toward left hand

48
Q

the IRB is…

A

institutional review board
they protect rights and welfare of human research subjects

49
Q

the IACUC is…

A

institutional animal care and use committee
oversees animal studies to ensure their safety, protection, and wellbeing

50
Q

the APA is…

A

american psychological association
oversees standards and practices in studies, especially with ethics

51
Q

informed consent

A

participant should know what they’re getting into so they can chose to get involved or not

52
Q

debriefing

A

post experimental process to explain the study and results of experiments to participants
plus any rehabilitation if needed - counseling, therapy, etc.

53
Q

functionality and culture in psych (focus on america)

A

american culture is focused on work so mental illness and diagnosing deals with the ability to function and participate in society

54
Q

DSM-5

A

bible of mental illness - provides list of symptoms associated with different mental illnesses to diagnose patients with

55
Q

hippocrates

A

all sensation, thought, and body movement came from the brain

56
Q

plato and socrates

A

human knowledge is innate

57
Q

aristotle

A

to believe something, have to observe it

58
Q

john locke and tabula rasa theory

A

mind is blank at birth, you are what you experience

59
Q

trepanned

A

ancient technique to “drain” headaches or mental illnesses

60
Q

how were the gods used?

A

to explain human behavior and emotions

61
Q

what is a clinical psychologist?

A

assessment and treatment of mental illnesses, more training/education, can’t prescribe medications

62
Q

counseling

A

day to day issues, not as much education, can’t prescribe

63
Q

psychiatry

A

medical doctor, specialization, can prescribe

64
Q

operationalization

A

turns concepts of a study into something that can be measured
defining language and terms of study
ex. feelings into scale of 1-10

AP Pysch (2 decks)

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