Test 1 - History & Methods Flashcards
behaviorism (key words + explanation)
conditioning, training, punishments and rewards
believes people can be conditioned to learn new things / act certain ways
humanism (key words + explanation)
needs, Maslow’s pyramid
view problems as unmet needs
psychodynamics (key words + explanation)
Freud, unconscious mind + pleasure principle, conscious mind + reality principle, childhood impact
Evolutionary instincts held back by conscious mind
Childhood influences adulthood
structuralism (key words + explanation)
self reflection
^ shows structure of mind
functionalism (key words + explanation)
evolution, adaptation, survival
how functions helped ancestors survive
influenced from Darwin
3 levels of psychological analysis
biological, psychological, socio-cultural
biological influence
genetic predisposition, natural selection influence on adaptive traits, brain mechanisms
psychological influence
learned fears and expectations, emotional responses
socio-cultural influence
peers and group influence, cultural (societal + family) expectations, media influence
levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (bottom up)
physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization
Wilhelm Wundt
established first psych lab - promoted empiricism
human behavior studied (scientific method!!) through the lab controlled experiments
who believed in psychodynamic approach?
Sigmund Freud
who believed in structuralism?
edward titchener
who believed in functionalism?
william james
who believed in behaviorism?
john watson, rosalie rayner
who believed in humanism?
carl rogers, abraham maslow
4 biases / effects
ambiguity bias, confirmation bias, dunning-kruger effect, cohort effect
ambiguity bias
preferring simple, quick explanations over longer, detailed ones
decision to trust info is influenced by lack of information
confirmation bias
tend to favor information that confirms their already held beliefs
dunning-kruger effect
people believe they’re smarter than they actually are
cohort effect
impact of huge event on a group of people
ex. covid-19, social media, great depression, etc.
replication
repeating a research study with different participants in different circumstances to determine if results are constant
qualitative
descriptive, more subjective, can’t be reduced to numbers or categories
quantitative
objective, comparable, numerical and categorical based
does correlation prove causation
NO
ex. smoking doesn’t CAUSE lung cancer, but it increases the chance of getting it - some ppl have never smoked and still get lung cancer (+ vice versa)
case study
study a single person or small group, very in depth
survey
asks many people to report their behavior/surveys, less in depth, subjective, lot of information, wording effect
wording effect
poor word choice = poor data
participants don’t know what the questions mean
naturalistic observation
watching and recording behavior of organisms in their natural environment, not much control for observer
random sample
represents population by taking random portion to represent entire data set, generalizes, lotteries or random draws
correlation coefficient (explain)
a number ( -1 through 1) that represents that strength of a relationship in a data set
closer to -1 or 1 = strong relationship
0 or close to 0 = weak to no relationship
positive correlational study
two like statements (more-more and less-less)
ex. “more of this means an increase of this” and “a decrease in this means less of this”
negative correlational study
2 unlike statements ( more-less )
ex. “raising this means a decrease in that”
slopes for +/- correlation
+ corr. - + slope (increasing left to right)
- corr. - - slope (decreasing left to right)
illusory correlation (explain + example)
data shows a relationship, but there isn’t actually one
ex. ice cream and murder - both tend to peak at the same time of the year, but for different reasons - data would show that there’s a relationship, but it isn’t true
correlational study vs experimental study
corr. - studies uncover preexisting relationships
experimental - manipulates factors to determine specific effect
double-blind study
study participants and staff don’t know who is in the placebo group and who is in the experimental group
control group
group that doesn’t receive treatment, used as baseline
random assignment
randomly assigning participants to exp. or control groups, minimizes difference in population group, takes out bias
random sample
fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
sampling bias example
high school students and drugs - excludes drop outs and homeschoolers
generalizability
strong gen. means a study can apply to a broad group of people and situations, basically how much it can be applied to a larger group of people / generalized
placebo effect
ineffectual treatment, perceived to have an impact by participant but doesn’t
used for control groups
ex. sugar pills with anti-depressant testing
independent variable
factor being changed, effect is being studied
dependent variable
outcome factor, impact of tested drug, how success is measured
inferential stats
allows one to generalize, infer, and draw conclusions on our own - kind of obvious
skewed distribution vs normal curve
normal - has symmetry and graph shaped like upside down v
neg. direction - no symmetry, peak of graph is towards right hand side of graph
pos. direction - no symmetry, peak leans toward left hand
the IRB is…
institutional review board
they protect rights and welfare of human research subjects
the IACUC is…
institutional animal care and use committee
oversees animal studies to ensure their safety, protection, and wellbeing
the APA is…
american psychological association
oversees standards and practices in studies, especially with ethics
informed consent
participant should know what they’re getting into so they can chose to get involved or not
debriefing
post experimental process to explain the study and results of experiments to participants
plus any rehabilitation if needed - counseling, therapy, etc.
functionality and culture in psych (focus on america)
american culture is focused on work so mental illness and diagnosing deals with the ability to function and participate in society
DSM-5
bible of mental illness - provides list of symptoms associated with different mental illnesses to diagnose patients with
hippocrates
all sensation, thought, and body movement came from the brain
plato and socrates
human knowledge is innate
aristotle
to believe something, have to observe it
john locke and tabula rasa theory
mind is blank at birth, you are what you experience
trepanned
ancient technique to “drain” headaches or mental illnesses
how were the gods used?
to explain human behavior and emotions
what is a clinical psychologist?
assessment and treatment of mental illnesses, more training/education, can’t prescribe medications
counseling
day to day issues, not as much education, can’t prescribe
psychiatry
medical doctor, specialization, can prescribe
operationalization
turns concepts of a study into something that can be measured
defining language and terms of study
ex. feelings into scale of 1-10