Test 1 Histology

Question 1

What is the flow of the heart?

Answer 1

superior/inferior vena cava - right atrium- tricuspid valve- right ventricle- pulmonary valve- pulmonary artery- lungs- left atrium- left ventricle- aorta- systemic

Question 2

What are the layers of the heart from outside to inside?

Answer 2

fibrous pericardium- serous pericardium- space- epicardium- myocardium- endocardium- heart chamber

Question 3

What is pericarditis?

Answer 3

inflammation of the pericardium

Question 4

What are the possible causes of pericarditis?

Answer 4

systemic inflammatory disorders (lupus or rheumatoid arthritis), injury to heart or chest, kidney failure, AIDS, tuberculosis, and cancer

Question 5

What are the possible outcomes of pericarditis?

Answer 5

resolve itself, progress to constrictive pericarditis, or cardiac tamponade

Question 6

What is cardiac tamponade?

Answer 6

pressure on the heart that occurs when blood or fluid builds up in the pericardial sac

Question 7

What are the causes of cardiac tamponade?

Answer 7

pericarditis, wounds to the heart, dissecting aortic aneurysm, heart attack (accuse MI)

Question 8

What do the specific atrial granules from the atrial myocytes secrete?

Answer 8

atrial natriuretic factor and brain natriuretic factor

Question 9

What causes the dark lines in intercalated discs?

Answer 9

fascia adherens

Question 10

What is the subendocardial layer made up of?

Answer 10

loose CT with blood vessels that is continuous with the endomycium

Question 11

Where is the Bundle of His located?

Answer 11

membranous part of IV septum.

Question 12

Tricuspid valve separates what?

Answer 12

right atrium from right ventricle

Question 13

Bicuspid valve separates what?

Answer 13

left atrium from right ventricle

Question 14

Aortic valve separates what?

Answer 14

left ventricle from aorta

Question 15

Pulmonary valve separates what?

Answer 15

right ventricle from pulmonary artery

Question 16

The spongiosa of the valves is made up of what?

Answer 16

collagen, elastic fibers and proteoglycans

Question 17

The fibrosa of the valves is made up of what?

Answer 17

dense regular CT

Question 18

What is regurgitation of the valves?

Answer 18

when a valve doesn’t close tightly resulting in back flow, most often due to prolapse.

Question 19

Prolapse mainly affects what valve?

Answer 19

Mitral valve

Question 20

What is stenosis?

Answer 20

when the flaps of a valve thicken/stiffen or fuse together preventing the heart valve from fully opening.

Question 21

What is the conducting pathway of the heart?

Answer 21

SA node- AV node- Bundle of His- Purkinje fibers

Question 22

Where is the SA node located?

Answer 22

in the wall of the right atrium as it meets superior vena cava

Question 23

Where is the AV node located?

Answer 23

wall of the right atrium

Question 24

What defines Purkinje fibers?

Answer 24

larger than ventricular muscle cells, myofibrils located in periphery of cell, intercalated disks, large amounts of glycogen.

Question 25

What is chronotropic effect?

Answer 25

substance that changes heart rate

Question 26

What is a inotropic effect?

Answer 26

substance that changes force of contraction

Question 27

What are the substances of sympathetic innervation?

Answer 27

norepinephrine, epinephrine, caffeine

Question 28

What are the substances of parasympathetic innervation?

Answer 28

Ach, propranolol, Calcium channel blockers

Question 29

Where is the heart located?

Answer 29

space formed by the sternum, vertebral column, diaphragm and lungs

Question 30

What causes coronary artery disease?

Answer 30

plaque buildup in the walls of the coronary arteries

Question 31

What is MI?

Answer 31

irreversible necrosis of heart muscle secondary to prolonged ischemia

Question 32

What is the purpose of the spongiosa in valves?

Answer 32

dampen vibrations associated with closing of the valves

Question 33

What is the spongiosa in the aortic/pulmonary valves known as?

Answer 33

arterialis

Question 34

What is the spongiosa in the mitral and tricuspid valves known as?

Answer 34

auricularis

Question 35

Where do parasympathetic fibers of the heart originate?

Answer 35

vagus nerve

Question 36

Where do sympathetic fibers of the heart originate?

Answer 36

lateral horns at T1 to T6 of the spinal cord

Question 37

Where are cardio baroreceptors located?

Answer 37

carotid sinus and aortic arch

Question 38

Where are cardio chemoreceptors located?

Answer 38

carotid and aortic bodies located at bifurcation of common carotid and aortic arch.