Test 1 Histology Flashcards
What is the flow of the heart?
superior/inferior vena cava - right atrium- tricuspid valve- right ventricle- pulmonary valve- pulmonary artery- lungs- left atrium- left ventricle- aorta- systemic
What are the layers of the heart from outside to inside?
fibrous pericardium- serous pericardium- space- epicardium- myocardium- endocardium- heart chamber
What is pericarditis?
inflammation of the pericardium
What are the possible causes of pericarditis?
systemic inflammatory disorders (lupus or rheumatoid arthritis), injury to heart or chest, kidney failure, AIDS, tuberculosis, and cancer
What are the possible outcomes of pericarditis?
resolve itself, progress to constrictive pericarditis, or cardiac tamponade
What is cardiac tamponade?
pressure on the heart that occurs when blood or fluid builds up in the pericardial sac
What are the causes of cardiac tamponade?
pericarditis, wounds to the heart, dissecting aortic aneurysm, heart attack (accuse MI)
What do the specific atrial granules from the atrial myocytes secrete?
atrial natriuretic factor and brain natriuretic factor
What causes the dark lines in intercalated discs?
fascia adherens
What is the subendocardial layer made up of?
loose CT with blood vessels that is continuous with the endomycium
Where is the Bundle of His located?
membranous part of IV septum.
Tricuspid valve separates what?
right atrium from right ventricle
Bicuspid valve separates what?
left atrium from right ventricle
Aortic valve separates what?
left ventricle from aorta
Pulmonary valve separates what?
right ventricle from pulmonary artery
The spongiosa of the valves is made up of what?
collagen, elastic fibers and proteoglycans
The fibrosa of the valves is made up of what?
dense regular CT
What is regurgitation of the valves?
when a valve doesn’t close tightly resulting in back flow, most often due to prolapse.
Prolapse mainly affects what valve?
Mitral valve
What is stenosis?
when the flaps of a valve thicken/stiffen or fuse together preventing the heart valve from fully opening.
What is the conducting pathway of the heart?
SA node- AV node- Bundle of His- Purkinje fibers
Where is the SA node located?
in the wall of the right atrium as it meets superior vena cava
Where is the AV node located?
wall of the right atrium
What defines Purkinje fibers?
larger than ventricular muscle cells, myofibrils located in periphery of cell, intercalated disks, large amounts of glycogen.
What is chronotropic effect?
substance that changes heart rate
What is a inotropic effect?
substance that changes force of contraction
What are the substances of sympathetic innervation?
norepinephrine, epinephrine, caffeine
What are the substances of parasympathetic innervation?
Ach, propranolol, Calcium channel blockers
Where is the heart located?
space formed by the sternum, vertebral column, diaphragm and lungs
What causes coronary artery disease?
plaque buildup in the walls of the coronary arteries
What is MI?
irreversible necrosis of heart muscle secondary to prolonged ischemia
What is the purpose of the spongiosa in valves?
dampen vibrations associated with closing of the valves
What is the spongiosa in the aortic/pulmonary valves known as?
arterialis
What is the spongiosa in the mitral and tricuspid valves known as?
auricularis
Where do parasympathetic fibers of the heart originate?
vagus nerve
Where do sympathetic fibers of the heart originate?
lateral horns at T1 to T6 of the spinal cord
Where are cardio baroreceptors located?
carotid sinus and aortic arch
Where are cardio chemoreceptors located?
carotid and aortic bodies located at bifurcation of common carotid and aortic arch.
