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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Test 1- Endocrine/digestive System > Flashcards

Test 1- Endocrine/digestive System Flashcards

0
Q

Static

A

Not moving

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1
Q

What are 5 things needed to live?

A

Nutrients, oxygen, water, right temp (98.4) and right pressure

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2
Q

Dynamic

A

Moving. Homeostasis is dynamic

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3
Q

Negative feedback

A

Any change that is opposite to initial change. Most systems in body are negative feedback

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4
Q

Positive feedback

A

If it increases, then further increases
If it decreases, then it further decreases
Anything in same direction aka domino effect

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5
Q

What are examples of negative feedback including glucagon and insulin?

A

If you have high blood sugar your body releases insulin to bring it back down and return to homeostasis.

If you have low blood sugar your pancreas makes glucagon which stimulates the liver to break it down into glucose which then increases blood sugar and returns to homeostasis

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6
Q

Normal blood glucose level is?

A

90 mg to 100 ml

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7
Q

Affrent

A

Input info sent by receptor and sends them along

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8
Q

Efferent

A

Output info sent to effectors to make change

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9
Q

Example of positive feedback

A

Using platelets to clot an open vessel wall. Clotting attracts more platelets for more clotting to take place. Happens until vessel is sealed

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10
Q

Endocrine system is what type of system

A

Discontinued bc organs are placed all over body not attached.

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11
Q

Endocrine system organs

A

Are ductless glands with no tubes. Secrete hormones only. Blood is the carrier of all hormones

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12
Q

Autocrine

A

When a cell secretes a hormone and then shows it on itself (same cell)

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13
Q

Paracrine

A

When a cell transfers to a tissue in the same area

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14
Q

Endocrine

A

When a cell transfers to anywhere

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of hormones?

A

Amino acid based and steroid hormones. They are highly specific. Hormones are also know. As chemical messengers

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16
Q

Pineal gland

A

P- shaped, rich with calcium salts (brain sand)
Used as reference in x-Ray to find other tissues
Releases melatonin a wonder drug

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17
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Tells you to sleep at night and stay awake in the day using melatonin

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18
Q

Circannual rhythm

A

Changes annually

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19
Q

Parapsychology

A

Involved in telekinesis and 6th sense because of pineal gland

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20
Q

Hypothalamus gland

A

Master gland of endocrine system

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21
Q

Direct activation

A

All steroid hormones go straight to nucleus

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22
Q

Signaling activation

A

Amino acids

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23
Q

Thyroxine

A

Amino acid hormone but the only amino acid that can go directly into cell and activate it (direct activation)

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24
Q

Permissional hormones

A

For one hormone to act you need another hormone. Asking permission

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25
Q

Synergistic hormones

A

Work together

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26
Q

Antagonistic

A

Working against each other

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27
Q

Hormones can be released 3 diff ways

A

Humoral, neural and hormonal

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28
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Hypophysis. Not master gland anymore. Made up of anterior and posterior lobe. Tsh tells thyroid to secrete thyroxine

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29
Q

Anterior lobe

A

Adenohypohysis. More dense. Thicker bc secretes more hormones. Tsh fsh lh acth gh prl. Growth hormone and prolactin are tropical used as sex hormones

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30
Q

Growth hormone

A 
Hypo secretion ( not enough) you get dwarfism. 
Hyper secretion (too much) you get gigantism or acromegaly in adults
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31
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

Thyroxine is secreted by thyroid under tsh.
Hypo- cretinism kids. Myxedema adults. -mentally challenged.
Hyper- hyperthyroidism constantly tired

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32
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex. Hypo-rare. Hyper- cushiness disease-obesity in torso

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33
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (fsh)

A

Stimulates follicles.
Hypo- can’t make eggs/sperm failure sex maturation
Hyper- 2 eggs at once fertilized

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34
Q

Luteinizing hormone (lh)

A

Same as fsh. Too little cant make eggs/ sperm. Too much makes too many (Twins)

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35
Q

Prolactin (prl)

A

Hypo- poor milk production
Hyper- galactorrhea- too much milk secretion enlarged breasts
Gynecomastia- men

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36
Q

Oxytocin (posterior)

A

Cuddle hormone. Increase makes men emotional. In women contracts uterus during birth

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37
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (adh) posterior (vasopressin)

A

Stops urination. Alcohol stops secretion of adh so u pee a lot.
Hypo- diabetes insipidus- constant thirst/ peeing
Hyper-in appropriate adh secretion

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38
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Secretes calcitonin and thyroid hormone (t3 & t4)

Bilobe gland connected by isthmus

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39
Q

Follicles

A

Are filled with Colloid and cells that surround it are follicle cells which produce thyroglobulin

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40
Q

Follicle cells

A

Produce thyroglobulin

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41
Q

Parafollicular cell

A

Produce/ release calcitonin which reduces blood calcium

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42
Q

T3( triiodothyronine) & T4 (thyroxine)

A

Low secretion kids- cretinism- bulging thyroid gland

Low secretion adults- myxedema- lack of iodine leads to goiter(bulging eyes)

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43
Q

Calcitonin

A

Lowers blood calcium

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44
Q

Graves’ disease

A

Metabolic hormone. Get bc too much t3 and t4

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45
Q

Hashimotos

A

Autoimmune disease due to too much t3 and t4

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46
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

Your body starts fighting it’s antibodies with itself so it blocks thyroxine and the. U have antibodies against thyroxine

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47
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Increases calcium

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48
Q

Chief cells

A

Secrete parathyroid hormone which increases blood calcium

49
Q

2 hormones that are antagonistic

A

Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. They work against each other

Insulin and glucagon are also antagonistic

50
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Top of kidney. Contains medulla and cortex

51
Q

Zona glomerulosa ( first layer after capsul in adrenal cortex of kidney)

A

Mineralcorticords. Aldosterone- regulates sodium levels. Na absorption

52
Q

Zona fasciculata (2nd layer of adrenal cortex in kidney)

A

Glucocorticoids

53
Q

Zona reticularis

A

Gonadocorticoids

54
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Chiefly aldosterone. Hyper secretion- aldosteronism

Hypo- addisons - weight loss/ dehydration

55
Q

Glucocorticoid

A

Chiefly cortisol
Hyper- Cushing’s syndrome- bloated (adena- retention of water) hypertension- high bp

Hypo- Addison’s disease- dehydration/ wieght loss

56
Q

Gonadocorticoids (zona reticularis)

A

Chiefly androgens

Hyper- women look more manly

57
Q

Adrenal medullary hormones

A

Medulla has catecholamines aka adrenal rush- epinephrine and norepinephrine

Hyper- prolonged fight or flight ( hypertension)
Hypo- act calmly

58
Q

Pancreas

A

Under liver

Only organ that’s both endocrine (secretes hormones) & exocrine ( secretes enzymes)

59
Q

Exocrine

A

Secretes enzymes

60
Q

Glucagon

A

29 amino acids

Produced by alpha cells by pancreatic islet of langerhans

61
Q

Insulin

A

32 amino acids releases as pro insulin

Beta

62
Q

Pancreatic islet of langerhans

A

Group of cells that produce alpha- glucagon and beta- insulin

63
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Aka juvenile diabetes ( almost born with it) no production of insulin so given insulin shots

64
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Non insulin dependent diabetes militis for adults who don’t need insulin

65
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

High blood sugar insulin. Insulin is taking too long to bring back down

66
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Blood sugar below 60mg. Fainting bc of low blood sugar

67
Q

Diabetic

A

If you have sugar and doesn’t go down after 4 hours you’re diabetic

68
Q

H1BC or a1c

A

Test for diabetes. Amount of glucose bound to blood cells tells you if you’re diabetic or not

69
Q

Digestion

A

Breakdown of macro molecules to micro molecules so they can enter cell

70
Q

Castro intestinal tract

A

Major part of the digestive tract ( open ended tube) 30 feet long

71
Q

Nutrients

A

Essential for energy

72
Q

Accessory gland

A

Not attached to tube but essential. Ex lover

73
Q

Extrinsic stimulus

A

Thinking about food and then salvaging bc of it. External stimulus

74
Q

Intrinsic stimulus

A

Internal. Your body tells itself it’s hungry bc your cells are lacking atp

75
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing

76
Q

Carbs turn into what

A

Amalyse which turns into simple sugar

77
Q

Ingestion

A

Putting food in your mouth. Major process to starting digestion

78
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Grinding and chewing in mouth

79
Q

Orbicular iris

A

Lips are first thing in digestive tract. All movement in lips are done by orbicular oris

80
Q

Red margin

A

Pinkish parts of lips

81
Q

Churning

A

The stomachs mechanical digestion

82
Q

Segmentation

A

Part of mechanical digestion.

Twisting and churning and squeezing to get food down

83
Q

Peristalsis

A

Just squeezing it down

84
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Enzymes come in and jump start reaction

85
Q

Absorption

A

Amino acids get absorbed

86
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

Where accessory organs are

87
Q

Retro peritoneal organs

A

Organs that are in back ( dorsal) not in the center ex. Large intestine and pancreas

88
Q

Peritonitis

A

Infection of peritoneal cavity

89
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

Outside layer of peritoneal

90
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

Later that surrounds digestive tract

91
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

Empty space

92
Q

Ventral mesentery

A

Route for vessels. Attached to digestive tract

93
Q

Tunic

A

The 4 layers of digestive tract

94
Q

Lumen

A

Only hole where food passes through surrounded by 4 layers called tunics

95
Q

Mucosa

A

First and inner most tunic layer of digestive tract. Surrounds lumen with different types of cells. Goblet cells that produce mucus.
Main function is to secrete, absorb & Procter.

96
Q

Goblet cells

A

Produce mucus

97
Q

Sub mucosa

A

2nd layer. Supports blood vessel. Layer of muscularis with longitudinal and circular muscles.

98
Q

Muscularis layer

A

Helps peristalsis and segmentation

99
Q

Serosa

A

Outter most layer

100
Q

Retroperitoneal organs have extra

A

Additional layers called serosa and Adventia ( think add)

101
Q

Splancnic circulation

A

Blood vessels that are supplying blood to tunic

102
Q

Enteric nuerons

A

Nuerons that attach to digestive tract

103
Q

Epiglottis

A

Elastic cartilage doorway that separates food and air passages. Organ of taste gestion

104
Q

Trachea

A

Air goes through (front)

105
Q

Esophagus

A

Food goes through

106
Q

Uvula

A

Helps speech and vocabulary and sometimes swallowing

107
Q

Tonsil

A

Immune tissue

108
Q

Lingual frenulum

A

Tongue is attached to lower jaw by this. Ppl who have deep ones will pronounciate better

109
Q

Bolus

A

Chewed food material that’s swallowed into esophagus

110
Q

Ankylogossia

A

Short lingual frenulum (talks blunt)

111
Q

Function of 3 glands that surround oral cavity

A

Secrete salivia. Ph is nuetral

112
Q

Amylase

A

Major component in salivia

113
Q

Lysozyme

A

Eats bacteria in salivia Serous cells produce salivia

114
Q

Mumps

A

Inflammation of parotid gland

115
Q

Halitosis

A

Not secreting enough salivia so causes bad breath

116
Q

Parasympathetic control

A

Controls salivia

117
Q

3 facial glands

A

Sublingual gland, submandibular gland, and parotid gland

118
Q

Dry mouth

A

Xerostomia synpathetic

119
Q

Gomphosis

A

Joint that tooth is embedded into. This joint can’t move and is immobile

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (1 decks)

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