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test 1 ecology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

species

A

population whose members can interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring

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2
Q

reproductive isolation

A

when members of a species are separated by a barrier of some sort and cannot interbreed

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3
Q

autotrophic nutrition

A

organisms that make their own organic compounds

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4
Q

heterotrophic nutrition

A

organisms that rely on other organisms as a source of organic compounds (food)

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5
Q

consumers

A

feed on living organisms by ingestion

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6
Q

types of consumer

A

primary, secondary tertiary

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7
Q

primary consumer

A

eats producers (herbivore)

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8
Q

secondary consumer

A

eats primary consumers (carnivore)

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9
Q

tertiary consumer

A

eats secondary consumers

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10
Q

detritivores

A

heterotrophs that eat dead organic matter using internal digestion

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11
Q

saprotrophs

A

heterotrophs that obtain organic nutrients from dead organisms using external digestion

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12
Q

can organisms have autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition

A

yes!!

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13
Q

ecosystem organization

A

ecosystem> community> population> organism

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14
Q

population

A

group of the same species

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15
Q

community

A

different species (biotic) interacting with each other

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16
Q

ecosystem

A

living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) factors interacting in an area

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17
Q

ecosystem imputs

A

energy flows through the nutrients cycle. imputs are energy and nutrients

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18
Q

how does energy flow through an ecosystem

A

in one direction (arrows) from the sun or inorganic compounds to producers to consumers

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19
Q

food chain

A

diagram that shows simple feeding relationships

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20
Q

trophic level

A

each step in a food chain

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21
Q

all food chains start w

A

a producer

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22
Q

tropic levels

A

1: producer
2: primary consumer
3: secondary consumer
4: tertiary consumer

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23
Q

the energy conversions

A

inorganic to organic, light energy to chemical energy

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24
Q

how do you release energy from food

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2&raquo_space; 6CO2 + ^H2O + ATP

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25
Q

both photosynthesis and cellular respiration release what

A

heat energy

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26
Q

in energy transfers solar energy can become

A

heat energy that is unabsorbed, chemical energy in producers

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27
Q

the chemical energy in producers can be transferred to

A

chemical energy in detritus and carcasses ( waste and /or uneaten remains), in primary consumers, heat energy

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28
Q

the chemical energy in consumers can come from

A

producers, other consumers,

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29
Q

the chemical energy in consumers can be transferred to

A

other consumers, heat energy, detritus and carcasses

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30
Q

decomposers get energy from

A

chemical energy in detritus and carcasses

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31
Q

decomposers chemical energy can transfereed to

A

heat energy

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32
Q

why do we need energy

A

building molecules, digesting large molecules, muscle contraction, active transport

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33
Q

in each step of energy flow

A

there is a loss of energy

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34
Q

what is the inefficiency of energy transfer

A

loss of energy between levels of the food chain

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35
Q

energy transfers are usually how efficient

A

about 10%

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36
Q

energy transformations are never

A

never 100% efficient

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37
Q

where is some energy stored

A

in tissues

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38
Q

most of the energy is lost

A

to the organism- either used in respiration, released as heat, excreted in faeces or unconsumed

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39
Q

how much of available energy is lost between trophic levels

A

90%

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40
Q

the amount of energy transferred depends on

A

how efficently organisms can transfer and use energy

41
Q

what is usual amount of energy transferred

A

5-20%

42
Q

primary consumers usually get how much J of sunlight

A

1 biollionJ

43
Q

primary consumers usually get how much J of sunlight

A

100,000 J

44
Q

secondary consumers usually get how many J of sunlight

A

100 J

45
Q

tertiary consumers usually get how many J of sunlight

A

1 J

46
Q

biomass

A

the total mass of a group of organisms measured in carbon compounds in the cells and tissues

47
Q

carbon compounds

A

store energy , scientists can measure the amount of energy added to organisms as biomass

48
Q

biomass decreases with

A

the loss of carbon dioxide, water, and waste products (ex;urea) to enviroment

49
Q

energy is _____ between trophic levels

A

lost between trophic levels

50
Q

higher trophic levels

A

store less energy as carbon compounds and have LESS biomass

51
Q

carbon sink

A

method of carbon storage

52
Q

carbon flux

A

transfers of carbon

53
Q

inorganic nutrients must be

A

recycled

54
Q

inorganic nutrients

A

carbon, nitrogen, phosporus

55
Q

autotrophs get nutrients from

A

air, water, soil, make organic compounds

56
Q

heterotrops ingest

A

organic compounds and use them release inorganic byproducts

57
Q

saprotrophs decompose

A

the remains of dead organisms and add inorganic materials into the soil

58
Q

three main components required for sustainability in an ecosystem

A

energy availability
nutrient availability
recycling of wastes

59
Q

carbon respiration and photosynthesis

A

sun» autotroph» oxygen and glucose» heterotroh» cellular respiration» carbon dioxide and water» soil

60
Q

what is the carbon cycle

A

biogeochemical cycle whereby carbon is exchanged between the different spheres of the earth

61
Q

the different spheres of the earth

A

atmosphere
lithosphere
hydrosphere
biosphere

62
Q

atmosphere

A

air

63
Q

lithosphere

A

ground

64
Q

hydrosphere

A

water/oceans

65
Q

biosphere

A

living things

66
Q

carbon takes what forms

A
  • atmospheric gases
  • oceanic carbonates
  • organic materials
  • non-living remains
67
Q

main atmospheric gases that carbon takes form in

A

mostly CO2, also methane CO4

68
Q

how does carbon take form in oceanic carbonates

A

includes bicarbonates dissolved in water and calcium carbonate in corals and shells

69
Q

how does carbon take form in organic material

A

in carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

70
Q

how is carbon found in non-living remains

A

such as detritus and fossil fuels

71
Q

how does the carbon source of calcium carbonate travel

A

CO2 in atmosphere, then to the ocean, then to limestone, then to shells

72
Q

when carbond ioxide dissolves in water

A

some of it will remain as a dissolved , the remainder will combine with water to form carbonic acid

73
Q

reaction for CO2 and water

A

CO2 + H2O&raquo_space; H2CO3

74
Q

what will carbonic acid do after being formed with water and CO2

A

dissociate to form hydrogen carbonate ions

75
Q

reaction fir carbonic acid

A

H2CO3&raquo_space; HCO3 - + H+

76
Q

the CO2 reactions and carbonic acids

A

go both ways (reversible)

77
Q

autotrophs absorb

A

they absorb both dissolved carbon dioxide and hydrogen carbonate ions

78
Q

autotrophs use dissolved carbon dioxide and hydrogen carbonate ions to

A

produce organic compounds

79
Q

living animals such as corals and mollusca combine

A

the hydrogen carbonate ions with calcium to form calcium carbonate that they use for shells

80
Q

how does the carbon source of methane travel

A

ruminants» methanogens» methane in the atmosphere

81
Q

methanogens

A

microorganisms that make methane (CH4) as a metabolic by-product in anaerobic conditions

82
Q

conditions for methane cycling include

A

wetlands (swamps, marshes)

marine sediments (mud of lake)

digestive tract of ruminant animals (cows, sheep, goats)

83
Q

what happnes to methane in the atmosphere

A

it is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water

84
Q

methane levels in the atmosphere

A

stay relatively low

85
Q

how does the carbon source of fossil fuels travel

A

plants/animals&raquo_space;> soil bacteria» fossils»fuels

86
Q

how do fossil fuels go from plants and animals to soil bacteria

A

decomposition

87
Q

how do fossil fuels go from soil bacteria to fossils

A

fossilation

88
Q

how do fossils become fuels

A

extraction

89
Q

how does peat form

A

when organic matter is not fully decomposed

90
Q

when peat forms, organic matter s not fully decomposed because…

A

of acid / anaerobic conditions in waterlogged soils prevent saprotrophic bacteria from functioning

91
Q

first step of coal forming

A

vegetation dies in marshy areas and when decomposed in the absence of oxygen forms peat

92
Q

second step of coal forming

A

layers of sediment are deposited above and the pressure and heat removes moisture from the peat

93
Q

the third step of coal forming

A

the removal of moisture and gas from the peat concentrates the remaining carbon, forming coal

94
Q

oil and natural gas form as the result of

A

the decay of marine organisms on the ocean floor

95
Q

first step of oil and natural gas forming

A

aquatic plants and animals die and are buried on the ocean floor by layers of sand and sakt

96
Q

second step of oil and natural gas forming

A

layers of sediment are deposited above and the pressure and heat causes compaction of the remains

97
Q

third step of oil and natural gas forming

A

the remains become oil and gas, which are forced out of porous rock, to form deposits we drill for

98
Q

what factors cause atmospheric carbon levels to decrease

A

photosynthesis, less burning of fossil fuels

99
Q

what factors cause atmospheric carbon levels to increase

A

less photosynthesis, more burning of fossil fuels

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