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NUR 329 > Test 1 CV System > Flashcards

Test 1 CV System Flashcards

0
Q

The heart is approximately the size of what body part?

A

Fist

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1
Q

How much of the heart lies to the left of the midline?

A

2/3rds

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2
Q

How much does a male heart weigh?

A

300 grams

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3
Q

How much does a female heart weigh?

A

250 grams

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4
Q

Location of the base of the heart

A

Just below 2nd rib

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5
Q

Location of the apex of the heart

A

5th ICS

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6
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve lie?

A

Diaphragm

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7
Q

Where does the vagus nerve lie?

A

Cardiac muscle

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8
Q

What chambers does the anterior surface of the heart consist of ?

A

Mostly RV
RA
small amt of LV

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9
Q

What chambers does the posterior surface of the heart consist of?

A 
LA rests on esophagus
LV
Left circumflex
       RCA
       Posterior descending artery
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10
Q

Name the 3 layers of the heart

A

Endocardium- inner
Myocardium- muscular
Epicardium- outer

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11
Q

What does the endocardium consist of?

A

Endothelial cells
Sub endothelial layers
Collagen
Elastic fibers

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12
Q

What does the myocardium consist of?

A

Striated cardiac muscle fibers

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13
Q

What does the epicardium consist of?

A

CT
blood vessels
Nerves
Coronary arteries

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14
Q

Def pericardium

A

A sac with a fibrous membrane that protects the heart from friction

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15
Q

3 layers of the pericardial sac

A

Parietal - inner
Visceral- outer
Pericardial space- space bx layers

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16
Q

Def annulus

A

A fibrous CT ring that provides valves with cardiac skeletal support

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17
Q

Semilunar valves

A
  • 3 cusps
  • closure = S2
  • aortic and pulmonic
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18
Q

Aortic valve

A

LV- Aorta

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19
Q

Pulmonic valve

A

Bx RV and PA
opens/closes at same time as aortic valve
s2

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20
Q

AV Valves

A
  • mitral and tricuspid
  • 3 cusps
  • RA - RV
  • S1
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21
Q

Def atrial kick

A

At the end of diastole, atrial contraction forcefully adds abt 15-20% more vol to ventricle

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22
Q

Explain coronary circulation

A

Coronary root—> pair of coronary arteries
Travels into myocardium and endocardium
Perfuses all cardiac cells

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23
Q

RCA location

A

Bx RA and RV
SA 55%
AV 80%

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24
What are the divisions of the LCA?
Left anterior descending | Left circumflex
25
Left anterior descending perfumes what 3 structures?
Anterior LV anterior intraventricular septum LV apex
26
What does the Left Circumflex perfuse?
Laterals and posterior wall of the LV SA Node 45% AV Node 10%
27
List the properties of the cardiac muscle (4)
Automaticity Excitability Conductivity Contractility
28
Def automaticity
Ability to initiate an impulse
29
Def excitability
Ability to respond to electrical stimulation
30
Def conductivity
Ability to transmit an impulse
31
Def contractility
Ability to shorten muscle cells as a result of stimulation
32
What are the 2 mechanisms of the heart?
Electrical | Mechanical
33
How is the electrical fx of the heart measured?
EKG
34
How is the mechanical fx of the heart measured?
HR | BP
35
Sequence of conduction
``` SA AV Bundle of His Bundle Branches Purkinge System ```
36
Where does the SA Node lie?
RA @ the junction of SVC Impulses from atria - AV node Impulses travel to LA via Bachmanns Bundle
37
SA node impulse rate
60-100 BPms
38
AV node
Floor of RA near tricuspid valve Delays impulse from atria to ventricles Allows both ventricles to fill prior to systole
39
AV node rate
40-60 BPM
40
Bundle of His
- from AV node | Impulses to bundle branch system
41
Bundle of his rate
40-60 BPM
42
Bundle branches
- 2 branches at the lowest part of the septum Right Left
43
Right bundle branch
- transmits implulses toward RV
44
Left bundle branch
- divides into 1- anterior fascicles 2- posterior fascicles
45
Purkinje system
From distal bundle branches Impulses to Subendocardial layers of the ventricles Most impulses travel downward and toward the left
46
Purkinge system rate
20-40 BPM
47
Mechanical events
- actin and myosin form cross bridge when Ca+ released from sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cell - overlapping of cross bridges form contraction - frank starling law
48
Frank Starling law
The force of contraction is dependent on the amt of stretch on the actin and myosin prior to release
49
Def cardiac output
Amt of blood pumped out in 1 min
50
CO formula
CO = HR x SV
51
Def stroke vol
Amt of blood pumped w/ each contraction
52
What are the determinants of CO?
Preload After load HR contractility
53
Def preload
Amt of vol in the ventricle at the end of diastole
54
Def afterload
The amt of resistance in the arteries opposing ventricular systole
55
What factors control HR?
ANS | baroreceptors
56
What factors control SV?
Preload Afterload Contractility
57
What affects after load?
Systemic vascular resistance | Pulmonary vascular resistance
58
What factors increase contractility?
Catecholamines | Meds
59
What factors decrease contractility?
Hypoxia Acidosis Meds
60
Cardiac cycle factors
``` Electrical events - depol - repos Mechanical events - systole - diastole ```
61
Def depolarization
- initiation and conduction of the impulse
62
Def repolarization
Return of the depolarizer cell to resting state
63
Def systole
- cross bridges shorten = contraction
64
Def diastole
- cross bridges return to resting state= filling
65
How is the parasympathetic system produced?
activation of vagal fibers
66
Where is the parasympathetic system found?
SA AV ventricles (minimally)
67
What activates the parasympathetic system?
ACH
68
What blocks vagal stimulation?
Anticholinergic meds
69
Parasympathetic system produces ____ and ____ effects
Chronotropic | Inotropic
70
When does the parasympathetic system dominate?
Under stable conditions
71
Where is the sympathetic system found?
Throughout the heart
72
Sympathetic stimulation may cause... (3)
PVC's Lower v fib threshold MI
73
Def adrenergic neurons
Neurons that release ACH
74
How do adrenergic drugs produce sympathomimetic effects?
Mimick the actions of norepinephrine @ the receptor sites in the CNS
75
Name the two classifications of adrenergics?
Alpha Beta -1 Beta- 2
76
Actions of alpha adrenergic receptors
Constriction of bus Dilation of pupils Relaxation of smooth muscles of GI tract
77
Action of beta-1 adrenergic receptors
Incr HR incr conduction Incr Automaticity Incr contractility
78
Action of beta- 2 receptors
- in bronchi, bvs and uterus Bronchodilator Vasodilation Relaxation of the uterus
79
Action of baroreceptors
Detect changes in arterial BP Maintain optimal BP Respond to decr BP by causing vasoconstriction of arterial bed
80
Where are baroreceptors located?
Aortic arch Carotid artery Atria
81
Where are chemoreceptors located?
Aortic arch | Carotid sinus
82
What do chemoreceptors respond to?
⬆️ PCO2 ⬇️ PO2 ⬇️ pH
83
Action of chemoreceptors
``` ⬆️ RR ⬆️ HR ⬆️ SV ⬆️ CO vasoconstriction ```
84
def RAA system
A system that works at preserving blood pressure and avoiding serious volume reduction
85
RAA System
Renin acts on angiotensin Angio 1 changes to 2 in the presence of ACE Angiotensin 2 is a potent vasoconstrictor Aldosterone released from adrenal gland--> Na and water reabsorp ⬆️ BP
86
Where is ACE found?
Lung Liver Kidneys Bvs
87
Effects of Anglo 2 on arterial pressure
``` Constriction of peripheral arteriolar Venous constriction ⬇️ of vascular vol Renal arteriole constriction--> renal retention of Na and water. ECF vol expands ⬆️. In arterial BP ```
88
Fluid response to angio 2 restores effective circulating vol by...
- Angio 2 stim release of aldosterone--> enhances renal sodium and water reabsorption - vasoconstriction further ⬇️ GFR--> Na reabsorption - stimulation of thirst

NUR 329 (6 decks)

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