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NUR 329 > Test 1 CV System > Flashcards

Test 1 CV System Flashcards

0
Q

The heart is approximately the size of what body part?

A

Fist

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1
Q

How much of the heart lies to the left of the midline?

A

2/3rds

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2
Q

How much does a male heart weigh?

A

300 grams

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3
Q

How much does a female heart weigh?

A

250 grams

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4
Q

Location of the base of the heart

A

Just below 2nd rib

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5
Q

Location of the apex of the heart

A

5th ICS

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6
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve lie?

A

Diaphragm

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7
Q

Where does the vagus nerve lie?

A

Cardiac muscle

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8
Q

What chambers does the anterior surface of the heart consist of ?

A

Mostly RV
RA
small amt of LV

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9
Q

What chambers does the posterior surface of the heart consist of?

A 
LA rests on esophagus
LV
Left circumflex
       RCA
       Posterior descending artery
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10
Q

Name the 3 layers of the heart

A

Endocardium- inner
Myocardium- muscular
Epicardium- outer

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11
Q

What does the endocardium consist of?

A

Endothelial cells
Sub endothelial layers
Collagen
Elastic fibers

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12
Q

What does the myocardium consist of?

A

Striated cardiac muscle fibers

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13
Q

What does the epicardium consist of?

A

CT
blood vessels
Nerves
Coronary arteries

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14
Q

Def pericardium

A

A sac with a fibrous membrane that protects the heart from friction

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15
Q

3 layers of the pericardial sac

A

Parietal - inner
Visceral- outer
Pericardial space- space bx layers

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16
Q

Def annulus

A

A fibrous CT ring that provides valves with cardiac skeletal support

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17
Q

Semilunar valves

A
  • 3 cusps
  • closure = S2
  • aortic and pulmonic
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18
Q

Aortic valve

A

LV- Aorta

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19
Q

Pulmonic valve

A

Bx RV and PA
opens/closes at same time as aortic valve
s2

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20
Q

AV Valves

A
  • mitral and tricuspid
  • 3 cusps
  • RA - RV
  • S1
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21
Q

Def atrial kick

A

At the end of diastole, atrial contraction forcefully adds abt 15-20% more vol to ventricle

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22
Q

Explain coronary circulation

A

Coronary root—> pair of coronary arteries
Travels into myocardium and endocardium
Perfuses all cardiac cells

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23
Q

RCA location

A

Bx RA and RV
SA 55%
AV 80%

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24
Q

What are the divisions of the LCA?

A

Left anterior descending

Left circumflex

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25
Q

Left anterior descending perfumes what 3 structures?

A

Anterior LV
anterior intraventricular septum
LV apex

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26
Q

What does the Left Circumflex perfuse?

A

Laterals and posterior wall of the LV
SA Node 45%
AV Node 10%

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27
Q

List the properties of the cardiac muscle (4)

A

Automaticity
Excitability
Conductivity
Contractility

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28
Q

Def automaticity

A

Ability to initiate an impulse

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29
Q

Def excitability

A

Ability to respond to electrical stimulation

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30
Q

Def conductivity

A

Ability to transmit an impulse

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31
Q

Def contractility

A

Ability to shorten muscle cells as a result of stimulation

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32
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of the heart?

A

Electrical

Mechanical

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33
Q

How is the electrical fx of the heart measured?

A

EKG

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34
Q

How is the mechanical fx of the heart measured?

A

HR

BP

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35
Q

Sequence of conduction

A 
SA
AV
Bundle of His
Bundle Branches
Purkinge System
36
Q

Where does the SA Node lie?

A

RA @ the junction of SVC
Impulses from atria - AV node
Impulses travel to LA via Bachmanns Bundle

37
Q

SA node impulse rate

A

60-100 BPms

38
Q

AV node

A

Floor of RA near tricuspid valve
Delays impulse from atria to ventricles
Allows both ventricles to fill prior to systole

39
Q

AV node rate

A

40-60 BPM

40
Q

Bundle of His

A
  • from AV node

Impulses to bundle branch system

41
Q

Bundle of his rate

A

40-60 BPM

42
Q

Bundle branches

A
  • 2 branches at the lowest part of the septum
    Right
    Left
43
Q

Right bundle branch

A
  • transmits implulses toward RV
44
Q

Left bundle branch

A
  • divides into
    1- anterior fascicles
    2- posterior fascicles
45
Q

Purkinje system

A

From distal bundle branches
Impulses to Subendocardial layers of the ventricles
Most impulses travel downward and toward the left

46
Q

Purkinge system rate

A

20-40 BPM

47
Q

Mechanical events

A
  • actin and myosin form cross bridge when Ca+ released from sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cell
  • overlapping of cross bridges form contraction
  • frank starling law
48
Q

Frank Starling law

A

The force of contraction is dependent on the amt of stretch on the actin and myosin prior to release

49
Q

Def cardiac output

A

Amt of blood pumped out in 1 min

50
Q

CO formula

A

CO = HR x SV

51
Q

Def stroke vol

A

Amt of blood pumped w/ each contraction

52
Q

What are the determinants of CO?

A

Preload
After load
HR
contractility

53
Q

Def preload

A

Amt of vol in the ventricle at the end of diastole

54
Q

Def afterload

A

The amt of resistance in the arteries opposing ventricular systole

55
Q

What factors control HR?

A

ANS

baroreceptors

56
Q

What factors control SV?

A

Preload
Afterload
Contractility

57
Q

What affects after load?

A

Systemic vascular resistance

Pulmonary vascular resistance

58
Q

What factors increase contractility?

A

Catecholamines

Meds

59
Q

What factors decrease contractility?

A

Hypoxia
Acidosis
Meds

60
Q

Cardiac cycle factors

A 
Electrical events
- depol
- repos
Mechanical events
- systole
- diastole
61
Q

Def depolarization

A
  • initiation and conduction of the impulse
62
Q

Def repolarization

A

Return of the depolarizer cell to resting state

63
Q

Def systole

A
  • cross bridges shorten = contraction
64
Q

Def diastole

A
  • cross bridges return to resting state= filling
65
Q

How is the parasympathetic system produced?

A

activation of vagal fibers

66
Q

Where is the parasympathetic system found?

A

SA
AV
ventricles (minimally)

67
Q

What activates the parasympathetic system?

A

ACH

68
Q

What blocks vagal stimulation?

A

Anticholinergic meds

69
Q

Parasympathetic system produces ____ and ____ effects

A

Chronotropic

Inotropic

70
Q

When does the parasympathetic system dominate?

A

Under stable conditions

71
Q

Where is the sympathetic system found?

A

Throughout the heart

72
Q

Sympathetic stimulation may cause… (3)

A

PVC’s
Lower v fib threshold
MI

73
Q

Def adrenergic neurons

A

Neurons that release ACH

74
Q

How do adrenergic drugs produce sympathomimetic effects?

A

Mimick the actions of norepinephrine @ the receptor sites in the CNS

75
Q

Name the two classifications of adrenergics?

A

Alpha
Beta -1
Beta- 2

76
Q

Actions of alpha adrenergic receptors

A

Constriction of bus
Dilation of pupils
Relaxation of smooth muscles of GI tract

77
Q

Action of beta-1 adrenergic receptors

A

Incr HR
incr conduction
Incr Automaticity
Incr contractility

78
Q

Action of beta- 2 receptors

A
  • in bronchi, bvs and uterus
    Bronchodilator
    Vasodilation
    Relaxation of the uterus
79
Q

Action of baroreceptors

A

Detect changes in arterial BP
Maintain optimal BP
Respond to decr BP by causing vasoconstriction of arterial bed

80
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

Aortic arch
Carotid artery
Atria

81
Q

Where are chemoreceptors located?

A

Aortic arch

Carotid sinus

82
Q

What do chemoreceptors respond to?

A

⬆️ PCO2
⬇️ PO2
⬇️ pH

83
Q

Action of chemoreceptors

A 
⬆️ RR
⬆️ HR
⬆️ SV
⬆️ CO
vasoconstriction
84
Q

def RAA system

A

A system that works at preserving blood pressure and avoiding serious volume reduction

85
Q

RAA System

A

Renin acts on angiotensin
Angio 1 changes to 2 in the presence of ACE
Angiotensin 2 is a potent vasoconstrictor
Aldosterone released from adrenal gland–> Na and water reabsorp
⬆️ BP

86
Q

Where is ACE found?

A

Lung
Liver
Kidneys
Bvs

87
Q

Effects of Anglo 2 on arterial pressure

A 
Constriction of peripheral arteriolar
Venous constriction
⬇️ of vascular vol
Renal arteriole constriction--> renal retention of Na and water. 
ECF vol expands
⬆️. In arterial BP
88
Q

Fluid response to angio 2 restores effective circulating vol by…

A
  • Angio 2 stim release of aldosterone–> enhances renal sodium and water reabsorption
  • vasoconstriction further ⬇️ GFR–> Na reabsorption
  • stimulation of thirst

NUR 329 (6 decks)

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