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Geology 1003 > Test 1 Chs 1-4 > Flashcards

Test 1 Chs 1-4 Flashcards

0
Q

Components of the system:

A
  1. Physiochemical
    - Inorganic physical and chemical processes shaping Earth
  2. Biological
    - Life and related processes.
     These two are often interrelated, and difficult to discuss entirely separate from one another.
     Often, physiochemical influences biological conditions and vice versa.
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1
Q

Life exists because

A

-Earth’s unique T due to distance from the sun.
-Earth’s mass is large enough to
retain water through gravitational attraction (oceans, lakes, rivers).
-Earth’s mass is small enough to not
attract many giant meteorites through gravitational attraction.

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2
Q

Actualism

A

physical and chemical principles observed today, have operated throughout Earth’s history.
-• James Hutton: Uniformitarianism = “the present is key to the past”.
• What’s the difference? Understanding change and rates of change.

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3
Q

Catastrophism

A

global floods caused by supernatural forces formed most of the rocks visible at Earth’s surface.
• Popular until the 19th century.
• Hutton proposed a different idea, later popularized by Charles Lyell who wrote a book titled Principles of Geology.

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4
Q

what Hutton & Lyell beleived:

A
  • The Earth has been shaped and transformed by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, etc.
  • Operate on local or regional scales
  • All occur at subtle rate of change (e.g., weathering)
  • Earth has remained basically the same, with slight changes to its features over time
  • But this isn’t entirely correct…..

• Lyell argued: no events unseen by humans have occurred

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5
Q

Special circumstances arise in which we cannot use actualism entirely, but do not violate the fundamental principle

A

• Rocks may form under conditions nonexistent today.
• Conditions responsible for formation of certain rocks
may exist, but at depths greater than those observable.
• Conditions may exist, but require geologic time.

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6
Q

Rock

A

interlocking or bonded grains of matter (minerals)

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7
Q

Mineral

A

naturally occurring, inorganic, solid element or compound with a particular chemical composition.

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8
Q

3 rock types:

A

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

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9
Q

igneous rock:

A
  • Formed from cool magma/lava
  • Intrustive/extrusive
  • Felsic/mafic
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10
Q

Metamorphic rock:

A

• Formed from alteration of rock due to P, T, and/or differential
stress
• Foliated/non-foliated

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11
Q

sedimentary rock:

A
  • Formed from lithification of physically or chemically weathered clasts, direct precipitation from solution, or biologically aided.
  • Clastic/chemical/biochemical/organic
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12
Q

Bodies of rocks are classified into 3 formal units:

A

formation
members
and groups

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13
Q

formation:

A

discrete body of rock of a particular type that formed in a particular way. E.g., Kaibob Limestone

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14
Q

members (type of rock unit)

A

smaller rock units within some formations.

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15
Q

groups (type of rock unit):

A

formations united into larger units

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16
Q

Stratigraphy

A

study of stratified rocks and their relationships in space and time.
• Important because much of Earth’s history can be understood from the Stratigraphic Record.

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17
Q

Steno’s 3 principles for interpreting sedimentary rocks:

A

Superposition
original horizontality
lateral continuity

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18
Q

superpostion

A

oldest strata are at the bottom within an undisturbed sequence of strata

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19
Q

original horizontality

A

strata are closest to horizontal when they form (except a few, e.g., dunes)

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20
Q

lateral continuity

A

strataare deposited in a laterally continuous sequence, later broken by erosion or faulting

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21
Q

Two other important principles (non-sedimentary):

A

intrusive relationships

and principle of components

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22
Q

intrusive relationships

A

intrusive igneous rocks are always

younger than the rock they intrude.

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23
Q

principle of components

A

fragments within a body of rock are older than the body of rock (i.e., inclusions).

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24
Q

rock cycle

A

endless pathway of rocks of varying kinds transformed into rocks of other kinds

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25
Q

Fossils

A

remnants of ancient life (existing thousands to millions of years ago) useful for comparing the ages of bodies of sedimentary rock throughout the world.
• Fossils don’t survive high T and P – thus nearly exclusively occur in sedimentary rock.
• Fossils occur at a variety of scales, from microns to many meters.

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26
Q

What is the foundation of geology?

A

Actualism versus Catastrophism
• The same physical laws governed in the past as they do in the present, and some occurrences are plausible despite the absence of direct physical observations today (e.g., meteorite impact).
• Think: Actualism = uniformitarianism + catastrophism

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27
Q

Moho Discontinuity

A

boundary between the crust and mantle at which an abrupt increase in seismic-wave velocity occurs.

28
Q

oceanic crust consists of:

A

Mafic igneous rocks (Mg, Fe)

and is less dense than continental

29
Q

continental crust consists of:

A

Felsic mainly (feldspar, silica, aluminum); some mafic

30
Q

lithosphere

A

rigid crust + upper-most brittle mantle

31
Q

asthenosphere

A

upper mantle underlying lithosphere.
• Made of partially-molten, slush-like rock
• Allows lithosphere to move above it and isostatically adjust

32
Q

type of plate boundary: divergent

A
  • Spreading of lithosphere
  • Magma rises
  • New lithosphere
33
Q

type of plate boundary :convergent

A
  • Subduction
  • Collision
  • Lithosphere destroyed
34
Q

interior convection within earth

A

process by which material heated deep in the asthenosphere slowly rises to displace cooler, denser material near the surface.
• Subducted slabs can be
heated, then forced upwards
to form hot spot magma plumes

35
Q

WATER

A

• Essential to life- major component of
cells.
• Habitat for aquatic life.
• Efficient absorber and transporter of heat (climate control!)
• Gravitational attraction of Earth’s mass keeps gases, including water vapor, in our atmosphere.

36
Q

angular uncomformity

A

older rocks tilted, eroded, then new phase of deposition

37
Q

discomformity

A

disruptioninsedimentation(or erosion) then new phase of deposition

38
Q

noncomformity

A

bedded rocks overly crystalline rocks

39
Q

type of igneous rock:

FELSICROCKS

A

granite, rhyolite
Felsic means that the rock is rich in silica and aluminum and is light- colored and less dense.
The most common Felsic rock, granite, is primarily composed of Quartz and Feldspar.

40
Q

type of igneous rock

mafic rocks

A

g.,basalt,gabbro Mafic means that the rock is poor in
silica and contains NO quartz.
Mafic rocks are rich in magnesium and iron. They are very dense and darker.
Basalt is the most common Mafic rock. It forms oceanic crust, while ultramafic rocks form the mantle below the crust.

41
Q

whatt does the grain siz of minerals reflect?

A

the rate at which the magma cooled.

42
Q

Intrusive igneous rock

A

Magma cools within the Earth and at the surface
• Intrusions
– Slow cooling – Plutons
• Sills • Dikes

43
Q

extrusive igneous rock

A

The opening at the Earth’s surface through which magma is extruded is called a vent.
• Magma erupted at the surface cools is a called lava.
• Lava cools to form an extrusive igneous rock at the surface.

44
Q

tuff

A

Loose volcanic debris

45
Q

fissures

A

lava flowing out of cracks

46
Q

flood basalt

A

Extensive areas covered by mafic lava

47
Q

pillow basalt

A

Rocks formed by cooling rapidly beneath the sea

48
Q

Siliciclastic rocks

A
  • Sedimentary rocks composed of clasts of silicate minerals
  • Quartz is most resistant to weathering
  • Mafic minerals less stable at Earth’s surface
49
Q

conglomerate siliclastic rock

A

Rounded grains

50
Q

breccia

A

angled grains

51
Q

siliciclastic rocks sizing:

sand

A

– 1/16-2 mm diameter – Often quartz

– Sandstone

52
Q

siliciclastic rocks sizing:

silt

A

1/256-1/16 mm

53
Q

siliciclastic rocks sizing:

clay

A

less than 1/250th of a mm

54
Q

fissile

A

breaks along bedding surface

– Sediment aligned horizontally during deposition

55
Q

lithification

A

Process by which siliciclastic sediments become rock (compaction).

56
Q

cementation

A

Chemical process in which minerals crystallize from solution that percolates through the grains of sediment

57
Q

chemically

A

Evaporates: Form from evaporation of seawater
– Anhydrite – Gypsum – Halite
• Readily formed, readily dissolved

58
Q

chert

A

Flint
– Extremely small quartz crystals precipitated from watery solutions
– Brown, gray, or black • Impurities

59
Q

carbonate rock:

limestone

A

Chemical and biogenic bodies of rock

60
Q

carbonate rocks:

dolomite

A

– Carbonate mineral
– Uncommon in modern rocks
– Common in ancient rocks
• Dolostone

61
Q

carbonate muds

A

Mainly aragonite needles
• Direct precipitation
• Collapse of carbonate algal skeletons

62
Q

carbonate rocks

oolites

A

Nearly spherical sediment
– Produced in shallow water
– Formed by rolling and accumulating aragonite needles

63
Q

organic :

coal

A

– Organic sedimentary

– Low-grade metamorphism of plant debris

64
Q

metamorphic rocks

slate

A

– Fine grained; -low grade; fissile

65
Q

metamorphic rocks

schist

A

low to medium grade, platy

66
Q

metamorphic rocks

gneiss

A

High-grade metamorphism

Granular; wavy layers

67
Q

non foliated metamorphic rock

marble

A

Calcite and/or dolomite

– Limestone parent

68
Q

non foliated metamorphic rock

quartzite

A

Nearly pure quartz – Sandstone parent

Geology 1003 (2 decks)

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