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Sports Physiology > Test 1- Chp 1-4 Study guide > Flashcards

Test 1- Chp 1-4 Study guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What regulates muscle actions?

A

Calcium

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2
Q

What acts at the neuromuscular junction to excite the muscle fibers of a motor unit?

A

Acetylcholine

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3
Q

What muscle fiber types is the most beneficial for a marathon runner?

A

Type 1

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4
Q

__________ is when the actin filament at each end of the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling the z-lines toward the center of the sarcomere and thus shortening the muscle fiber.

A

Sliding filament theory

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5
Q

What are the 5 phases of the sliding filament theory?

A
  1. Resting please
  2. Excitation- contraction coupling phase
  3. Contraction phase
  4. Recharge phase
  5. Relaxation phase
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6
Q

What is the resting phase of the sliding filament theory?

A

Little calcium is present
Little of the myosin cross bridges are bound to actin
No tension in the muscle

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7
Q

What is the excitation- contraction coupling phase of the sliding filament theory?

A

Myosin cross bridges attach to actin
Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium to bind with troponin tropomyosin shifts
Myosin head attaches to actin filament allowing flexion

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8
Q

What is the contraction phase of the sliding filament theory?

A

Energy comes from hydrolysis breakdown ATP & ADP & ATPase
ATP molecule replaces ADP on myosin cross bridge head
The head detaches from actin site and resets

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9
Q

What is the recharge phase of the sliding filament theory?

A

Binding calcium to troponin, coupling myosin cross bridge w/ actin
Cross bridge flexion, dissociation of actin and myosin,
resetting of the myosin cross bridge head is repeated over and over

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10
Q

What is the relaxation phase of the sliding filament theory?

A

Occurs when the stimulation of the motor nerves stops and the actin and myosin return to an unbound state
Calcium is pumped back to sarcoplasmic reticulum preventing the
link of action & myosin.

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11
Q

Role of calcium in muscle contraction

A

Calcium binds with troponin
Causing Tropomyosin to shift
Myosin cross bridge head attaches to actin causing contraction
Sarcoplasmic reticulum pumps calcium back inside (=relaxation)

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12
Q

The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber- contains protein filaments, stored glycogen, and fat particles, enzymes, mitochondria, and sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Sarcoplasm

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13
Q

Two types of Myofibrils that contract muscle cells?

A

Myosin

Actin

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14
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filament
200 myosin molecules
Cross bridges protrude away at regular intervals

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15
Q

Actin

A

Thin filament
Composed of actin, tropomyosin, troponin
Consists of two strands arranged in a double helix

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16
Q

The arrangement of ________and _______filaments give skeletal muscle it’s striated appearance.

A

Myosin and actin

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17
Q

Actin and myosin are organized longitudinally in the smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle which is the__________.

A

Sarcomere

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18
Q

A___________ is the basic functional unit of a Myofibrils and the basic contractile unit of muscle.

A

Sarcomere

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19
Q

Each sarcomere has bands, lines, and zones found between each z lines. What are they?

A

Z-line
I-band
A-band
H-zone

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20
Q

What is the A-band?

A

Aligns with the myosin filaments

contains the region of the sarcomere that has both the actin and myosin filaments

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21
Q

What is the I band?

A

Contains the region of the sarcomere where there are only actin filaments.

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22
Q

Located in the middle of the I band running longitudinally

Composed of proteins and provide points of attachment and stability for the thin filaments.

A

Z line

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23
Q

What is the H zone?

A

Is the area in the center of the sarcomere where only myosin filaments are present.

24
Q

3 connective tissues associated with skeletal muscle?

A

Epimysium (outer cover of muscle)
Perimysium (surrounds fasciculi)
Endomysium (covers a muscle fiber)

25
Q

Calcium is stored here and released when a signal from a motor nerve signals the discharge of an action potential

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

26
Q

Motor unit

A

Twitch, twitch summation, and tetanus of a motor unit:
A= single twitch
B= force resulting from summation of two twitches
C= unused tetanus
D= fused tetanus

27
Q

___________ are composed of muscle fibers with specific morphological and physiological characteristics that determine their functional capacity.

A

Motor units

28
Q

All of the muscle fibers in the motor unit contract and develop force at the same time. There is no such thing as a motor neuron stimulus that cause only some of the fibers to contract which is known as what?

A

All or none principle

29
Q

The force output of a muscle can be varied through change in the frequency if activation of individual motor units or change in the number of activated motor units

A

Recruitment pattern of motor units

30
Q

__________ is the breakdown of carbohydrates-either glycogen stored in the muscle or glucose delivered in the blood- to resynthesize ATP.

A

Glycolysis

31
Q

Glueconeogenesis

A

A process that converts amino acids into glucose.

32
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

The process by which glycogen is broken down to glucose-1-phosphate and enters the glycolysis pathway.

33
Q

Lipolysis

A

The breakdown of triglycerides to its basic units to be used for energy. one molecule of glycerol and 3 free fatty acid molecules.

34
Q

What structure does the cross-bridges attach to during muscle action?

A

Actin

39
Q

_____________ refers to the study of interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system.

A

Neuroendocrinology

40
Q

___________ is the inability of a hormone to interact with a receptor.

A

Down- regulation

41
Q

___________ is the ultimate source of energy for a muscular contraction.

A

ATP

42
Q

What substance can be metabolized anaerobically?

A

Carbs

43
Q

The predominant energy system used during a training session depends primarily on the___________.

A

Session intensity

44
Q

The production of lactic acid results from the activation of which energy system?

A

Fast glycolysis

45
Q

Which energy system has the highest rate of energy production?

A

Phosphagen

46
Q

Approximately how many ATP are produced via the oxidative energy system from the degradation of one glucose molecule?

A

38

47
Q

Which energy system is predominantly active at the initiation if all exercise?

A

Phosphagen

48
Q

Which enzymes catalyzes the rate limiting step of glycolysis?

A

PFK

49
Q

Growth hormone is important for what?

A

Normal development of a child

Adapting to stress of resistance training

50
Q

Testosterone

A

primary androgen hormone that interacts with skeletal muscle tissue.The potential interactions with other hormones demonstrate the highly interdependent influencing the strength and size of skeletal muscles.

51
Q

________ is a primary signal hormone related to the glycogen stores in the muscle. Converts amino acids to carbs.

A

Cortisol

52
Q

_____________ are secreted by the adrenal medulla and are important for the acute expression of strength and power because the hormones act as central motor stimulators and peripheral vascular dilators and enhance enzyme systems in the muscle

A

Catecholamines

53
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum

54
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Arms and legs

55
Q

First class lever

A

Forearm

85
Q

___________ is a process in which Lactate can also be transported in the blood to the liver, where it is converted to glucose.

A

Cori cycle

86
Q

The important factors of the phosphagen system

A

Relies on the hydrolysis of ATP and breakdown creatine phosphate Generates energy or ATP for muscles at the fastest rate
Requires H2O for breakdown of ATP
Works only for about 15 secs

87
Q

​Important aspects of the Glycolysis system

A

breaks down glucose through a sequence of glycolytic enzymes. Glucose and glycogen have to be converted into glucose 6-phosphate. After the sequence, pyruvate is formed and then can be converted into lactate or it can be shuttled into the mitochondria.

88
Q

​The oxidative system

A

The primary source of ATP during rest and prolonged low intense exercise and this system uses primarily carbs and fats as substrates. Protein can be used but it normally isn’t metabolized unless there is severe starvation and long bouts of exercise.

89
Q

___________ is a series of reactions in which the free fatty acids are broken down, resulting in the formation of acetyl-coa and hydrogen protons.

A

Beta oxidation

Sports Physiology (1 decks)

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