Test 1 (Chp 1-4) Flashcards
Classical Viewpoint: Scientific Management
Emphasized the scientific study of work methods to improve the productivity of individual workers.
Scientific Management was important because….
Labor was in short supply in the 20th century
Classical Viewpoint: Administrative Management
Concerned with managing the total organization
Administrative Management is focused on…
The jobs of individuals. Focused on planning, organizing, leading and controlling of management
Behavioral Viewpoint: Hawthorne Studies
Theory that employees worked harder if they received added attention
Behavioral Viewpoint: Theory X & Y
Helps managers avoid falling into the trap of the self-fulfilling prophecy
Management Science Viewpoint
Focuses on using mathematics to aid in problem solving and decision making
Operations Management Viewpoint
Focuses on managing the production and delivery of an organization’s products or services more effectively
Systems Viewpoint
Regards the organization as a system of interrelated parts
Systems Viewpoint: Four Parts of a System
- Inputs
- Outputs
- Transformation Processes
- Feedback
Contingency Viewpoint
Emphasizes that a manager’s approach should vary according to - that is, be contingent on - the individual and the environmental situation
Quality Management Viewpoint
Which includes quality control, quality assurance, and total quality management
Stakeholders
The people whose interests are affected by an organization’s activities
External Stakeholders
The General Environment & The Task Environment
Internal Stakeholders
Employees, Owners, Board of Directors
Ethics
The standards of right and wrong that influence behavior
Value System
Relatively permanent and deeply held underlying beliefs and attitudes that help determine a person’s behavior
What are the three levels of Ethical Development?
Level 1 - Pre-conventional
Level 2 - Conventional
Level 3 - Post-conventional
Pre-conventional Ethical Development
Follow the rules
Conventional Ethical Development
Follows the expectations of others
Post-conventional Ethical Development
Guided by internal values
Diversity
Represents all the ways people are unlike and alike
Four parts to an effective ethics program in organizations:
- Creating a strong ethical climate
- Screening prospective employees
- Instituting ethics codes & training programs
- Rewarding ethical behavior: Protecting the whistle blowers
Internal dimensions of diversity
Those human differences that exert a powerful, sustained effect throughout every stage of our lives
External dimensions of diversity
An element of choice; they consist of the personal characteristics that people acquire, discard or modify throughout their lives
Globalization
The trend of the world economy toward becoming a more interdependent system
Ethnocentric Mangers
Believe that their native country, culture, language, and behavior are superior to all others
Polycentric Managers
Take the view that native managers in the foreign offices best understand native personnel and practices, and so the home office should leave them alone
Geocentric Managers
Accepts that there are differences and similarities between home and foreign personnel and practices and that they should use whatever techniques are most effective
Who do companies expand internationally?
The availability of supplies, new market opportunities, lower labor costs, access to financial capital, avoidance of tariffs and import quotas
Culture
The shared set of beliefs, values, knowledge, and patterns of behavior common to a group of people
Indiviualism
Indicates a preference for a loosely knit social framework in which people are expected to take care of themselves
Collectivism
Indicates a preference for a tightly knit social framework in which people and organizations are expected to look after each other
Power Distance
Refers to the degree to which people accept inequality in social situations
Uncertainty Avoidance
People’s intolerance for uncertainty and risk
Masculinity
Expresses how much people value performance-orientated masculine traits, such as achievement, assertiveness, and material success
What are Hofstede’s Model of Four Cultural Dimensions?
Individualism/collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/femininity
