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Human Sexuality 116 > Test 1 (Chapters 1-5) > Flashcards

Test 1 (Chapters 1-5) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main perceptions of human sexuality? (5)

A

Source of great pleasure and satisfaction
Means of reproduction
Source of guilt and confusion, anger and disappointment Pathway to infection
Means of exploitation and aggression

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2
Q

How do the Mangaia view sexuality, and what rituals do they perform?

A

Matriarchal society, views sex as more important to girls
Boys:
-Superincision ritual
-Instruction to please partners (kissing, cunnilingus, breast fondling,
etc.)
-Instructional intercourse with an older experienced woman

Girls are instructed by older women to be orgasmic, how to move to have multiple orgasms
Expected to have multiple partners before marriage
Women may leave men if they fail to satisfy
Rapid decline in sexual activity following adolescence

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3
Q

How do the Dani in New Guinea view sexuality? What are some of their sexual habits?

A

Sex is unimportant:

  • Female orgasm is apparently unknown
  • Intercourse is quick, and ends at male ejaculation
  • Extrarelational sex is rare
  • Both sexes abstain from intercourse for 5 years following a birth
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4
Q

What gendered view during the Victorian Age shaped modern-day sexuality?

A

women don’t have sexual desire, only reproductive desire (exceptions were called Nymphomaniacs)
men are driven by dangerous, animalistic lust

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5
Q

What was invented in 1941 that made curing STIs possible?

A

Penicillin

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6
Q

What changed during the Sexual Revolution, and when was it?

A

Between the 1960s and the mid-1970s

  • Individual self expression and autonomy
  • Women’s rights
  • Relationship status (free love)
  • Birth control pills for married couples in 1960s
  • Birth control pills for all, Joy of Sex 1970s
  • Sexual orientation (broader acceptance of homosexuality)
    • Homosexuality removed from the DSM in 1973
    • 1980: First case of AIDS in US
  • Sexuality Education (SIECUS)
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7
Q

Where was homosexuality historically encouraged?

A

Greece (same sex relationships b/w older men and younger man), Sambia (homo in youth, bi in adolescence, hetero in adulthood)

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8
Q

What is transgenderism (formerly Transsexuality)?

A

Assigned gender and gender identity don’t

match; also called Two-Spirit by native american tribes

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9
Q

What are the Zuni’s (new mexico) views on gender?

A

3rd gender – assigned male, live as

woman; mediators, instructors in crafts, lack of transphobia

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10
Q

What is the Indonesian group Bugis view of gender?

A

5 genders in Indonesia among Bugis (cis- and

trans- men and women, Bissu (intersex priests who embody all genders)

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11
Q

What is the difference between Sex and Gender?

A

sex is biological, gender is socially determined

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12
Q

How did AIDS affect the LGBT+ Community?

A

the fear of aids led to a resurgence of homophobia in the 1980s

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13
Q

What is ‘normal sexual behavior?’

A

behavior that conforms to a group’s average or median patterns of life; therefore there is no one normal sexual behavior

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14
Q

What is Subjectively normal sexual behavior?

A

behavior similar to mine

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15
Q

What is statistically normal sexual behavior?

A

common behavior

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16
Q

what is Idealistically normal sexual behavior?

A

how religion shapes your sexuality

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17
Q

what is culturally normal sexual behavior?

A

the most common sexual behavior within your culture

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18
Q

what is clinically normal sexual behavior?

A

using data, the most common sexual behavior over a large sample

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19
Q

What is the one shared ‘normal’ activity across all cultures?

A

reproduction

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20
Q

What is sexual variation?

A

sexual variety and diversity in terms of orientation, attitudes, behaviors, desires, fantasies, etc; sexual activity not statistically typical of ‘usual’ sexual behavior

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21
Q

what are some examples of harmful sexual behaviors?

A
  • Masturbatory asphyxia
  • Rape
  • Child molestation
  • Obscene phone calls

i.e. anything that causes harm (physical, emotional, mental) to oneself or others

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22
Q

What are the psychological standards for determining the harmfulness of sexual behaviors?

A
  • Issues of coercion
  • Potential harm (physical, emotional, mental) to oneself or others
  • Personal distress
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23
Q

Who are three ‘pop’ psychologists when it comes to sexuality?

A

Rowan Pelling, Dr. Ruth, Dan Savage

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24
Q

What is pop psychology?

A

the sex information/advice genre

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25
Q

What is the problem with how newspapers portray research findings?

A

the media frequently quote or describe social science research, but they may do so in an oversimplified or distorted manner

Media report the results of a study that are contradicted by subsequent research
Changes in current knowledge through behavioral research
Distorted representation of sex-related research

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26
Q

What is objectivity?

A

the observation of things as they exist in reality (difficult to achieve in sexual research)

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27
Q

What are value judgments?

A

Evaluations based on moral or ethical

standards rather than objective ones (How a person ought to behave)

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28
Q

What gets in the way of objectivity?

A

Opinions – Unsubstantiated beliefs
Biases – Personal learning or inclination
Stereotypes – Simple, rigid, overgeneralized beliefs

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29
Q

What are some common sexual stereotypes?

A
  • Men are always ready for sex
  • “Nice” women are not interested in sex
  • Women need a reason for sex; men need a place
  • Virgins are uptight and asexual
  • The relationships of gay men never last
  • Lesbian women hate men
  • African American men lust after White women
  • Latino men are promiscuous
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30
Q

what is a fallacy?

A

An error in reasoning that affects our understanding

of a subject

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31
Q

what is an egocentric fallacy?

A

Mistaken beliefs about others behavior based on personal experience and values

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32
Q

what is an ethnocentric fallacy?

A

Belief that our own ethnic group, nation, or culture is innately superior to others
(Increasingly evident as a reaction to the increased awareness of ethnicity)

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33
Q

what is informed consent in a research study?

A

Full disclosure to an individual of the purpose, potential

risks, and benefits of participating in a research project

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34
Q

what is a random sample?

A

A sample collected in an unbiased way, with the selection of each member of the sample based solely on chance

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35
Q

what is a representative sample?

A

a small group representing the larger group in terms

of age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, and so on

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36
Q

what is a biased sample?

A

Samples that are not representative of the larger group (e.g., college students)

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37
Q

what is survey research? what are it’s pros and cons?

A

Uses questionnaires or interviews to gather information

  • Strength – Quicker and easier to obtain lots of data
  • Limitation – People may be poor reporters of their own sexual behavior; response bias
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38
Q

what is clinical research? what is it’s limitation?

A

In-depth examination of an individual or group; Focuses on atypical, unhealthy behaviors, problems related to sexuality and sexual functional problems
-Limitation - Emphasis on unhealthy or diseased behavior

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39
Q

what is observational research?

A

using unobtrusive behavior without manipulation to observe a subject

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40
Q

what is experimental research?

A

Systematic manipulation of individuals or the environment to learn the effects of such manipulation on behavior

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41
Q

what are the three themes of study among modernists?

A
  • They believe that sexual expression is essential to an individual’s well-being
  • They seek to broaden the range of legitimate sexual activity, including homosexuality
  • They believe that female sexuality is the equal of male sexuality
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42
Q

Richard von Krafft-Ebing

A

Most influential of the early
researchers
-1886 - Published Psychopathia Sexualis – A collection of case histories of fetishists, sadists, masochists, and homosexuals
-Origin of sexual problems is masturbation

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43
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

-Attempt to understand neuroses: Psychological
disorders characterized by anxiety or tension
-Described five stages of psychosexual
development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital)
-His research is mostly only of historical interest
to modern sex researchers

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44
Q

Havelock Ellis

A

-Studies in the Psychology of Sex (1897 to
1910)– Consisted of case studies, autobiographies, and personal letters
-First researcher to appeal to studies in
animal behavior, anthropology, and history
-Challenged the view that masturbation was
abnormal
-Documented that women possessed sexual
desires no less intense than those of men
-People are born homosexual; as such, it
cannot be considered a vice

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45
Q

Alfred Kinsey

A

-Destroyed the belief in American sexual
innocence and virtue
-Published Sexual Behavior in the Human Male
in 1948 and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female in 1953
-Discovered extraordinary diversity in sexual
behaviors
-Reevaluated the role of masturbation in a
person’s sexual adjustment
-Kinsey found that many people had sexual
experiences with persons of both sexes
-Rejected normal/abnormal dichotomy

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46
Q

William Masters & Virginia Johnson

A
  • Published Human Sexual Response in 1966
  • Revolutionized sex therapy by treating sexual problems as difficulties that could be treated using behavioral therapy
  • Behavioral approach led to an astounding increase in the rate of successful treatment of sexual problems
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47
Q

Evelyn Hooker

A

Revealed that same-sex sexual relationships were widespread among both men and women; no personality differences

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48
Q

vulva

A

the term used to describe the external genital
structures of women
Includes Mons pubis, Clitoris, Labia majora, Labia minora

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49
Q

Mons pubis (aka Mons veneris)

A

A pad of fatty tissue that covers the area of the pubic bone about 6 inches below the navel

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50
Q

Pubic hair

A
  • Trimming or removal of pubic hair has become commonplace, and there are a wide variety of practices.
  • Has become seen as the “norm”, partly influenced by porn
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51
Q

Clitoris

A

Considered the center of sexual arousal; Cluster
of nerves comprised of a variety of internal and external parts
includes the Glans clitoris, Clitoral hood/prepuce, and Clitoral shaft

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52
Q

Glans clitoris

A

tip of the shaft, most sensitive to stimulation

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53
Q

Clitoral hood/prepuce

A

fold of skin covering the clitoris when not aroused

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54
Q

Clitoral shaft

A
  • includes an external and internal part
    • External – approx 1 inch long, .25 inches wide
    • Internal -Two approx. 3.5 inch branches called branches called crura contain corpora cavernosa (hollow chambers that fill with blood and swell during arousal
55
Q

Labia Majora

A

Two folds of spongy flesh extending from the mons pubis and enclosing the labia minora, clitoris, urethral opening, and vaginal entrance

56
Q

Labia Minora

A 
smaller folds within the labia majora that meet above the clitoris to form the clitoral hood.
 -Smooth and hairless, vary
widely in size and shape
-Rich in nerves, swell during
sexual arousal
57
Q

Vestibule

A

The area enclosed by the labia minora; from below the clitoris to the bottom of the vaginal opening

58
Q

Bartholin’s glands

A

secrete moisture during arousal

59
Q

what is Labiaplasty?

A
  • Intended to correct hypertrophy of the inner labia
  • Now the third fastest growing form of plastic surgery
  • often done in an attempt to conform with what is generally seen in porn
  • Removes erotically sensitive material; risks include decreased sexual pleasure
60
Q

What is Female Genital Cutting?

A
  • Ranges from removing the clitoral hood, to removing the entire clitoris (clitoridectomy)
  • Often performed with broken glass, or razorblades, poses significant health risks
61
Q

What is genital infibulation?

A
  • removing clitoris and labia, rubbing sides of the vulva raw, and sewing the two sides together.
  • Girls legs are bound together for about a week – tissue grows together, leaving only a small opening
62
Q

Vagina

A

A flexible, muscular structure that extends 3–5

inches back and upward from the vaginal opening

63
Q

Introitus

A

lower 3rd of vagina; most nerve endings

64
Q

Hymen

A

Thin membrane partially covering the intoitus

65
Q

Grafenberg spot – G-spot

A

associated with sexual pleasure,

sometimes with female ejaculate

66
Q

Uterus

A

womb, thick-walled, pear-shaped, muscular organ

67
Q

the three layers of the uterine wall

A
  • Perimetrium –Thin external membrane
  • Myometrium – Smooth muscle layer, stretches during pregnancy, contracts in labor and orgasm
  • Endometrium – Inner lining, rich in blood vessels; thickens in response to hormones
68
Q

Cervix

A

small end of the uterus, located at back of vagina

69
Q

Ovaries

A

(female gonad) Produce sex cells called gametes

70
Q

Ova

A

Female gametes, eggs, oocytes (approx. 500,000 at

birth)

71
Q

Ovarian follicle

A

saclike structures containing immature

oocytes

72
Q

Corpus luteum

A

after the Ovum matures and the follicle

ruptures, the follicle becomes a corpus luteum, which produces hormones until it degenerates

73
Q

The fallopian tubes

A

Uterine tubes or oviducts

74
Q

Fimbriae

A

finger-like structures, drape over ovaries, but don’t

touch them

75
Q

Ampulla

A

Widened part of tube where fertilization occurs

76
Q

parts of the mature female breast

A
  • Areola - ring of darkened skin surrounding nipple
  • Alveoli – small glands responsible for milk production
  • Nipple
77
Q

Penis

A

Organ through which both sperm and urine pass

78
Q

Glans penis

A

Head of penis, rich in nerves

79
Q

Corona

A

Rim at the base of the glans

80
Q

Frenulum

A

Underside of penis, attaches foreskin to glans

81
Q

Foreskin or prepuce

A

Loose skin that covers the shaft of the

penis and extends to cover the glans penis

82
Q

Scrotum

A

A pouch of skin that holds the two testicles

83
Q

Dartos muscle

A

causes skin to contract and surface to wrinkle

84
Q

Cremaster muscle

A

elevates testes

85
Q

Testes

A

Male reproductive glands or gonads

86
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Secrete a fluid that makes up about 60% of

the seminal fluid

87
Q

Prostate gland

A

Produces about 30–35% of the seminal fluid

in the ejaculated semen

88
Q

Cowper’s or bulbourethral gland

A

Secrete a thick, clear mucus prior to ejaculation

89
Q

Ejaculation

A

Process by which semen is forcefully expelled

from the penis

90
Q

Gynecomastia

A

Swelling or enlargement of the male breast

  • Triggered by a decrease in the amount of testosterone compared with estrogen
  • Common in adolescence and 50 to 80 year-olds
91
Q

Galactorrhea

A

spontaneous flow of milk from breast, not

associated with nursing infants

92
Q

Masters & Johnson - Four-phase model of sexual response

A

Excitement Plateau Orgasm Resolution

93
Q

Kaplan -Tri-phasic model of sexual response

A

Desire Excitement Orgasm

94
Q

Loulan - Sexual response model

A

Incorporates both the biological and affective components into a six-stage cycle

95
Q

Dual control model

A

Provides a theoretical perspective of sexual response based on Brain function, & Interaction between sexual excitation and sexual inhibition

96
Q

Desire

A

Psychological component of sexual arousal, The neural system and sexual stimuli

97
Q

Hormones involved in desire

A

Testosterone Oxytocin

98
Q

Vasocongestion

A

Concentration of blood in body tissue

99
Q

Myotonia

A

Increased muscle tension accompanying the

approach of orgasm

100
Q

Orgasm

A

A peak sensation of pleasurable physical sensations and general release of tension, creates an altered state of consciousness

101
Q

Kegel exercises

A

Helps in producing intense orgasms and

ejaculations

102
Q

Erection

A

Blood vessels expand, increasing the volume of

blood, especially within the corpora cavernosa

103
Q

Retrograde ejaculation

A

refers to the entry of semen into the bladder instead of going out through the urethra during ejaculation

104
Q

Refractory period

A

Period following orgasm during which

men are not capable of having an ejaculation again

105
Q

Sex

A

Refers to whether one is biologically female, male, or intersex

106
Q

Genetic sex

A

One’s chromosomal and hormonal sex

characteristics

107
Q

Anatomical sex

A

Physical sex

-Gonads, uterus, vulva, vagina, penis, and so on

108
Q

Gender

A

The social and cultural characteristics associated

with biological sex

109
Q

Assigned gender

A

Gender given by others, usually at birth

typically based on anatomical sex

110
Q

Gender identity

A

A person’s internal sense of being male or

female

111
Q

Gender expression

A

Gestures, dress, or personality as perceived by others

112
Q

Transgender

A

Umbrella term for those who do not conform

to traditional notions of gender expression

113
Q

Gender role

A

Attitudes, behaviors, rights, responsibilities

associated with each sex

114
Q

Stereotypes

A

Rigid and generalized beliefs about each gender’s behavior

Tend to be misleading

115
Q

Gender-role attitude

A

Beliefs a person has about oneself and others regarding personality traits and activities

116
Q

Gender-role behavior

A

Actual activities or behaviors a person engages in as a female or a male

117
Q

Heteronormativity

A

Negative stereotypes (Heterosexuality is a critical component of masculinity and femininity)

118
Q

Gender Script

A

Acts, rules, and expectations associated with

a particular role

119
Q

Androgyny

A

Flexibility in gender roles

120
Q

Genderqueer

A

Gender experiences that don’t fit in with

binary concepts

121
Q

Cross-Dresser (replaces transvestite)

A

Wears clothing of a different sex as a form of gender expression.

122
Q

Drag-Queen

A

Often gay, typically men who dress and act with exaggerated femininity, for the purposes of entertainment.

123
Q

Phalloplasty

A

Using skin grafts from forearm, leg, or side of chest. Penile implant allows erections.

Glansplasty, scrotalplasty, testicular implant

124
Q

Colovaginoplasty

A

part of the colon is used to form the

vagina.

125
Q

Intersex

A

Variations in sex characteristics (e.g., chromosones, gonads, or genitals) that are not distinctly female or male

Variations in congenital sex anatomy that are
considered atypical for females or males

126
Q

Turner syndrome

A

Genetic condition where a female does not

have the usual pair of two X chromosomes

127
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

Males have one or more extra X

chromosomes

128
Q

Mosiacism

A

Condition in which cells within the same person

have a different genetic makeup

129
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

When a person is genetically male but is resistant to male hormones or androgens

130
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

A group of inherited disorders of the adrenal gland

131
Q

5-Alpha reductase deficiency

A

A condition whereby a genetic male will not produce enough of a hormone called dihydrotestosterone

Genetically male, Externally female genitals, or ambiguous, or male with
micropenis and hypospadius

132
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

When a person is genetically male but is resistant to male hormones or androgens; from complete (no development of male body parts) to incomplete; often not diagnosed until failure to menstruate:

133
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

A group of inherited disorders of the adrenal gland

Human Sexuality 116 (2 decks)

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