Test #1: Chapters 1-4 Flashcards
Process
anything ongoing, ever changing, and continuous.
dynamic
something considered active and forceful.
transactional
the simultaneous encoding and decoding process during communication.
symbol
an arbitrarily selected and learned stimulus representing something else.
intentionality
during communication, the voluntary and conscious encoding and decoding of messages.
context
the cultural, physical, social, and psychological environment.
cultural context
an accumulated pattern of values, beliefs, and behavior held by an identifiable group of people with a common verbal and nonverbal symbol system.
physical context
the actual geographical space or territory in which the communication takes place.
sociorelation context
the roles one assumes within a culture; the role relation between interactants, defined by verbal and nonverbal messages.
perceptual context
the attitudes, emotions, and motivations of the persons engaged in communication and how they affect information processing.
communication
the simultaneous encoding, decoding, and interpretation of verbal and nonverbal message between people.
communication apprehension
the fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or group of persons.
personal report of communication apprehension
self-report instrument designed to measure communication apprehension.
culture
an accumulated pattern of values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by an identifiable group of people with a common history and verbal and nonverbal symbol system.
microcultures
An identifiable group of people who share a set of values, beliefs, and behaviors and who possess a common history and a verbal and nonverbal symbol system that is similar to but systematically varies from the larger, often dominant cultural milieu.
intercultural communication
Two or more persons from different cultures or microcultures exchanging verbal and nonverbal messages.
environmental context
The geographical and psychological location of communication within some cultural context.
uncertainty
The amount of unpredictability during communication.
intercultural communication apprehension
The fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with a person from another culture or microculture.
ethnocentrism
The tendency to place one’s own group (cultural, ethnic, or religious) in a position of centrality and highest worth, and to create negative attitudes and behaviors toward other groups.
GENE (generalized ethnocentrism) scale
Self-report instrument designed to measure generalized ethnocentrism.
individualism
Cultural orientation where the individual is unique and individual goals are emphasized over group goals.
collectivism
Cultural orientation where the group is the primary unit of culture. Group goals take precedence over individual goals.
horizontal individualism
Cultural orientation where an autonomous self is valued but the self is more or less equal to others.
vertical individualism
Cultural orientation where an autonomous self is valued and the self is seen as different from and perhaps unequal to others.
horizontal collectivism
Cultural orientation where the self is seen as a member of an in-group whose members are similar to one another.
vertical collectivism
Cultural orientation where the individual sees the self as an integral part of the in-group but the members are different from one another.
high context
Cultural orientation where meanings are gleaned from the physical, social, and psychological contexts.
low context
Cultural orientation where meanings are encoded in the verbal code.
power distance
The extent to which members of a culture expect and accept that power is unequally distributed.
uncertainty avoidance
The degree to which members of a particular culture feel threatened by unpredictable, uncertain, or unknown situations.
Muted Groups
Microcultures whose members are forced to express themselves within the dominant mode of expression
Hispanic
Defined by the U.S. government as a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race
Spanglish
Hybrid language combining the phonological features and syntactic structures of English and Spanish
African Americans
Microcultural group in the United States whose ancestors were brought to the United States as slaves
Ebonics
From the terms ebony and phonics, a grammatically robust and rich African American speech pattern whose roots are in West Africa
Hmong
Microculture belonging to the Sino-Tibetan language family, culturally similar to the Chinese. The Hmong, whose name means “free people” or “mountain people,” fought for the United States during the Vietnam War, and many have immigrated to the United States since the end of the war.
Amish
A microcultural, religiously oriented group whose members practice simple and austere living
LGBT
Persons who consider themselves lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender
Information Rate
The amount of information contained or perceived in the physical environment per some unit of time
High Load
A situation with a high information rate
Low load
A situation with a low information rate
Terrestrial Environment
The physical geography of the Earth
built environment
Adaptations to the terrestrial environment, including architecture, housing, lighting, and landscaping
fixed-feature space
Space bounded by immovable or permanent fixtures, such as walls
semifixed-feature space
Space bounded by movable objects, such as furniture
informal space
Space defined by the movement of the interactants
Monochromic time (M-Time) orientation
Cultural temporal orientation that stresses the compartmentalization and segmentation of measurable units of time
Polychronic time (P-Time) orientation
Cultural temporal orientation that stresses the involvement of people and completion of tasks as opposed to strict adherence to schedules; time not seen as measurable
intercultural communication apprehension is defined as…
the fear or anxiety people experience when communicating with persons from another culture.
A fundamental assumption of intercultural communication is that the message sent …
is usually not the message received.
One of the most significant effects of new communication technology such as the internet, social networking sites, and smartphones is that …
information is becoming decentralized.
That communication is symbolic is a fundamental assumption guiding most communication scholars. A symbol is defined as …
an arbitrary selected and learned stimulus that represents something else.
The benefits of intercultural communication include healthier communities, increased commerce, reduced conflict, and …
personal growth through tolerance.
Roughly what percentage of adults in the United States suffer from communication apprehension in most communication situations with others?
20%
culture can be defined as an accumulated pattern of values, beliefs, and behaviors, shared by …
an identifiable group of people with a common history and verbal and nonverbal symbolic systems.
In 2014, 40 percent of the world’s population lived in which two countries?
china and india
intercultural communication is primarily …
a nonverbal act between people of different countries
Intercultural communication is a cycle of …
stress and adaptation
Increased cultural and ethnic diversity in the United States is largely because of immigration trends.
true
One of the most significant population trends in the United States is the growth of the Amish population.
False
Nearly 10% of people in the United States speak a language other than English at home.
False
To say that communication is transactional means that during communication each person simultaneously sends (encodes) and receives (decodes) messages.
True
Culture is innate. People do not learn culture.
False
Intercultural communication is primarily a verbal act between people.
False
Intercultural communication necessarily involves a clash of communicator style.
True
Ethnocentrism forms the basis for patriotism, group loyalty, and the willingness to sacrifice for one’s own group.
True
Ethnocentrism refers to the idea that one’s own culture is the center of everything and all other groups (or cultures) are scaled and rated with reference to it.
True
A characteristic typically associated with weak uncertainty-avoidance cultures is that …
People are comfortable with, and tolerate, ambiguity.
A characteristic typically associated with collectivism is …
Interdependence and harmony with others.
A characteristic typically associated with high-context cultures is …
a restricted code.
A characteristic typically associated with strong uncertainty-avoidance cultures is …
an emphasis where people are uncomfortable with ambiguity.
Collectivistic societies are characterized by …
extended primary groups such as the family.
A characteristic typically associated with low-context cultures is …
an elaborate code
A characteristic typically associated with individualism is …
personal autonomy
A characteristic typically associated with small power distance cultures is …
an emphasis that inequalities among people should be minimized.
Individualistic societies are characterized by …
personal initiative and goal orientation.
A characteristic typically associated with large power distance cultures is …
an emphasis that inequalities among people are both expected and desired.
The most relevant feature of individualism is valuing personal independence.
True
In collectivistic cultures social behavior is guided by personal goals, perhaps at the expense of other types of goals.
False
The central ingredient of collectivism is the assumption that groups bind and mutually obligate individuals.
True
Individualism is linked to a sense of duty to group, interdependence, harmony, and working with the group.
False
A high-context communication or message is one in which most of the information is either in the physical context or is internalized in the person.
True
Cultures with a large power distance emphasize that inequalities among people should be minimized.
False
Cultures with a large power distance emphasize that inequalities among people are both expected and desired.
True
In cultures with a weak uncertainty-avoidance orientation, uncertainty is seen as a normal part of life, where each day is accepted as it comes.
True
Cultures with a strong uncertainty-avoidance orientation sense that uncertainty in life is a continuous threat that must be fought.
True
The Hmong are traditionally considered to be a …
collectivistic Culture
The formation of microcultural groups is often the result of …
- immigration
- annexation
- colonization
Hispanics/Latinos are generally regarded as…
collectivistic
A central tenet of the muted group theory is that microcultural groups’ speech and writing are …
not valued by the dominant cultural group.
A characteristic that distinguishes a microcultural group from the macroculture is …
group members are aware of their subordinate status.
According to the muted group theory, subordinate microcultural groups …
do not contribute much to the language of the dominant group.
A characteristic that distinguishes a microcultural group is …
endogamy
The fastest growing, highest income, and highest educated microcultural group in the United States is …
Asian americans
Emotional self-control is a characteristic value among …
Asian Americans
A characteristic that distinguishes a microcultural group from the macroculture is …
members are generally born into the microculture.
Though not always, people are generally born into their microculture.
true
Microcultural group members generally practice exogamy.
False
Hispanics/Latinos are the largest microcultural group in the United States.
True
African Americans are the largest microcultural group in the United States.
False
Compared with African Americans and Hispanics, Asian Americans do not see discrimination against their group as a major problem.
True
A dominant value held by most Asian Americans is exaggerated emotional expression.
False
The Hmong are traditionally a collectivistic culture.
True
Perhaps more than any other microcultural group, the Amish have been relatively successful at integrating themselves into the dominant U.S. culture.
False
LGBT persons can be of any sex, race, ethnicity, nationality, occupation, or other demographic group.
True
Semifixed space is defined by …
that which is moveable such as furniture.
Which of the following groups are disproportionately (negatively) affected by natural disasters?
Women
The built environment of any culture consists mainly of adaptations to …
the terrestrial environment
To some extent, information load is equivalent to the amount of …
uncertainty in a particular environment
Monochronic (M-time) orientations emphasize …
schedules and the compartmentalization and segmentation of measurable units of time.
The United States is characterized by …
a monochronic time orientation
The information rate of some context refers to the amount of information contained or perceived in the environment per some unit of …
time
In most, if not all, cultures privacy is closely linked to …
the built environment
Polychronic (P-time) orientations emphasize …
multiple activities with little emphasis on scheduling
Mexico is characterized by ..
a polychronic time orientation.
To some extent, information load is equivalent to the amount of natural space in a particular environment.
False
The terrestrial environment for every person is the planet Earth.
True
Natural disasters are as much social phenomena as they are natural ones.
True
There is considerable evidence that domestic and sexual violence against women increases in the wake of natural disasters.
True
The built environment of any culture consists mainly of adaptations to the terrestrial environment, including architecture, housing, lighting, and landscaping.
True
The population density of Japan is 836 persons per square mile—about 20 times that of the United States.
False
Cultures with a monochronic time orientation see time as much less tangible and stress multiple activities with little emphasis on scheduling.
False
Cultures with a polychronic time orientation see time as much less tangible and stress multiple activities with little emphasis on scheduling.
True
Although the need for privacy is innate and universal, the degree to which an individual human feels the need for seclusion varies considerably across cultures.
True
