Test 1 (Chapters 1, 4, & 5)

Question 1

Direct observation of nature

Answer 1

Empirical observation

Question 2

The two major components of science

Answer 2

1. empirical observation

2. theory

Question 3

The validity or invalidity of certain propositions can be best determined by applying the rules of logic

Answer 3

Rationalism

Question 4

States that the source of all knowledge is sensory observation

Answer 4

Empiricism

Question 5

The assumption that what is being studied can be understood in terms of causal laws

Answer 5

Determinism

Question 6

Disagreed that scientific activity starts with empirical observation but instead starts with a problem and the problem determines what observations scientists will make

Answer 6

Karl Popper

Question 6

Laws which specify how events are causally related

Answer 6

Causal Laws

Question 7

Said the scientific method involved 3 stages: problems, theories (proposed solutions) , and criticisms.

Answer 7

Karl Popper

Question 8

Distinguishes a scientific theory from a non scientific one. (A scientific theory must be refutable)

Answer 8

Principle of falsifiability (Karl Popper)

Question 9

Said in order for a theory to be correct, it must make risky predictions? Vs Theories that are vague.

Answer 9

Karl Popper (1900s)

Question 10

Explaining phenomena after they have already occurred? (Popper)

Answer 10

Post diction

Question 11

Claimed science was not objective but instead highly subjective.

Answer 11

Thomas Kuhn (1900s)

Question 12

The entire constellation of beliefs, values, techniques, and so on shared by the members of a given scientific community?

Answer 12

Paradigm (Kuhn)

Question 13

Exploring the depths of a problem defined by an accepted paradigm and using methods suggested by the paradigm while exploring these problems

Answer 13

Normal science

Question 14

Said a paradigm determines what constitutes a research problem and how the solution to that problem is sought

Answer 14

Thomas Kuhn

Question 15

Persistent observations that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain

Answer 15

Anomalies

Question 16

The belief that human thought or behavior is freely chosen by the individual and there is therefore not caused by antecedent physical or mental events

Answer 16

Nondeterminsim

Question 17

States that even though determination is true, attempting to measure the causes of something influences those causes, mailing it impossible to know them with certainty.

Answer 17

Indeterminism (Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle)

Question 18

Those who believe that everything in the universe is material (physical), including those things that others refer to as mental

Answer 18

Materialists

Question 19

Form of dualism that claims that the mind and body interact.

Answer 19

Interactionism

Question 20

Form of dualism that claims that the mental stars emerge from physical brain states.

Answer 20

emergentism

Question 21

Form of dualism in which the brain can cause mental events but mental events cannot cause behavior

Answer 21

Epiphenomenalism

Question 22

4 major themes of the Renaissance Humanism

Answer 22

1) individualism
2) religion became personal (not imposed)
3) renewed interest in the past (disagreement with the “accepted truths”)
4) disagreed with past philosophies and ideas

Question 23

Denoted (during the renaissance) an intense interest in human beings; as if we were discovering ourselves for the first time

Answer 23

Humanism

Question 24

Belief in the power of the individual (as opposed to the church and state) to make a positive difference in the world

Answer 24

Individualism

Question 25

Historians argue that his writings mark the beginning of the Renaissance

Answer 25

Francesco Petrarch

Question 26

Began in 1517 when Luther nailed his ninety-five Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg.

Answer 26

Reformation

Question 27

A religious revolution

Answer 27

Reformation

Question 28

Principles of Newtonian science

Answer 28

1) God does not actively intervene in the world; therefore he is not an explanation (such as it was his will)
2) Natural laws exist and are universal
3) no inherent properties as explanations (bodies fall verses they do because of gravity)
4) Occam’s Razor
5) probabilities reflect scientist’s lack of knowledge not the real world (understanding is imperfect)
6) classification is not an explanation (it does that because it’s a cat)

Question 29

Urged an inductive, practical science that was free from the misconceptions of the past and from any theoretical influences

Answer 29

Francis Bacon

Question 30

Argued that the earth rotated around the sun and therefore earth was not the center of the solar system and the universe as the church had declared (heliocentric theory)

Answer 30

Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 31

Showed several of Aristotle’s truths to be false and by using a telescope, expanded human knowledge of the solar system.

Answer 31

Galileo

Question 32

Bacon’s term for personal biases that result from one’s personal characteristics or experiences

Answer 32

Idols of the cave

Question 33

Bacon’s term for error that results when one accepts the traditional meanings of the words used to describe things

Answer 33

Idols of the marketplace

Question 34

Bacon’s term for the inhibition of objective inquiry that results when one accepts dogma, tradition, or authority

Answer 34

Idols of the theatre

Question 35

Bacon’s term for biases that result from human’s natural tendency to view the world selectively

Answer 35

Idols of the tribe

Question 36

Viewed the universe as a complex machine that God had created, set in motion, then abandoned

Answer 36

Isaac Newton

Question 37

The belief that only those objects or events that can be experienced directly should be the object of scientific inquiry

Answer 37

Positivism

Question 38

Main spokesperson ago revolted against Aristotle and the church

Answer 38

Francis Bacon

Question 39

Presented objective vs. subjective reality

Answer 39

Galileo

Question 40

Proposed that observation directly and objectively is the only way ti discover truth

Answer 40

Francis Bacon

Question 41

Based on facts & data; finding the truth through the senses

Answer 41

Empiricism

Question 42

Based on theories & logic/reasoning

Answer 42

Rationalism

Question 43

Founder of empiricism as a school of thought

Answer 43

Francis Bacon (1550)

Question 44

Father of Rationalism

Answer 44

Descartes (1600)

Question 45

Founder of positivism

Answer 45

Comte (1800)

Question 46

The belief that all knowledge is derived from experience; especially sensory experience

Answer 46

Empiricism

Question 47

Said all mental events consisted of sensations and ideas held together by association. Can always be reduced to simple ideas

Answer 47

James Mill (1800)

Question 48

Proposed complex ideas could be distinctly different from simple ideas

Answer 48

John Stuart Mill (1800)

Question 49

All you know is sensation/perception of the scientist

Answer 49

Mach (1800)

Question 50

Suggested that things are publicly observable; operant definition

Answer 50

Compte (1800)

Question 51

Ideas that are of perfection; cannot be derived from ones own experience. Ideas Placed in the mind by god.

Answer 51

Innate ideas