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Psychology of Personality > Test 1 (Chapter 1-3) > Flashcards

Test 1 (Chapter 1-3) Flashcards

1
Q

What is personality?

A

An internal dynamic organization of psychophysical systems that lead to characteristic pattern of behavior, thoughts, and emotions

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2
Q

Does personality remain consistent over situations and time?

A

yes

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3
Q

What is the Person-Situation interaction?

A

The person and situation work together to determine behavior

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4
Q

What are the building blocks of personality?

A

Traits, Genetics, Neuroscience, Evolutionary Forces, Self and Identity, Intrapsychic Foundations, Regulation and Motivation, Cognitive Foundations, Learning Processes

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5
Q

What is traits?

A

Characteristics developed based on physiological tendencies, socialization and experiences

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6
Q

What is genetics

A

What you have inherited, the way you were born, predispositions

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7
Q

Neuroscience is

A

what is going on in your brain, how your brain is reacting

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8
Q

Evolutionary forces and personality:

A

some possibility that some of our personality characteristics are there for evolutionary benefit

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9
Q

Self and identity and personality:

A

Who you are, your beliefs, values, etc

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10
Q

Intrapsychic foundations of personailty:

A

unconscious motivations and how they influence. Defense mechanisms, how you cope with anxieties, attachments, how relationships affect you

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11
Q

Regulation and Motivation and personality:

A

What is motivating you, your goals, self regulation, delay of gratification

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12
Q

Cognitive functions and personality:

A

Process information. When something happens in your life, what do you tell yourself. What you tell yourself affects your personality

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13
Q

Learning Processes and personality:

A

What you have been rewarded for, varies across cultures

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14
Q

What is a theory in personality psych?

A

A summary statement about a set of events, meant to explain

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15
Q

Theories should be:

A

Falsifiable and parsimonious while still explaining the complexity of behavior

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16
Q

What can happen to theories over time?

A

They can stop showing true. Can modify or it will stay false

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17
Q

What are the three methods for developing theories?

A

Deductive method, Inductive method, Analogy

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18
Q

What is the deductive method of developing theories?

A

Broad psychological perspectives, ideas, principals, and try to use to develop a theory about particular behaviors

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19
Q

What is the inductive method of developing theories?

A

Specific observed behavior, based on observations will try to develop a theory

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20
Q

What is the analogy method of developing a theory?

A

Behaviors or from other disciplines and try to apply them to personality

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21
Q

What can personality tests be used for?

A

Anything, like; matchmaking, diagnosis, job placements, treatment programs

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22
Q

How do we understand personality?

A

Subjective methods: short answers, requires psychologist interpretation
Objective methods: Choose A or B

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23
Q

What are the methods of determining personality?

A

Case study, observations, experience sampling, informant reports, clinical interviews, archival or life outcomes data, projective tests, physiological measures, self report tests

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24
Q

What is a case study?

A

studying one or two people in a lot of depth, determines influences on personality over a lifetime

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25
What are the three things to look for when observing someone's space?
Identity claims: things that are intended for other people Feeling regulators: things intended for themselves, makes you feel good Behavioral residues: the leftovers
26
What is experience sampling
Sampling of behavior Capture thoughts, feelings, and behaviors immediately
27
What are informant reports?
Others provide information on the person
28
What are clinical interviews?
Used to assess personality characteristics associated with abnormal behavior Structured or unstructured interviews Examine responses and behaviors
29
What is archival or life outcome data?
examining official records, speeches, journals, personal websites, social media posts
30
What are projective tests?
Intended to reveal unconscious motivations 5 categories: - association techniques: what do you see - Construction techniques: draw a person - Completion techniques: I am happiest when - Arrangement or selection of stimuli: pick fav - Expression techniques
31
What are physiological measures?
Autonomic arousal, neuroimaging, brain responses and areas of activity, repressive copers
32
What are self report tests?
People answer questions about their own behavior or themselves Likert scales Checklists Forced choice Qsorts Not always reliable
33
What factors do we have to watch for when evaluating personality assessments?
Reliability, validity, generalizability, culture bias, gender bias, responses sets
34
What is an acquiescence response set?
tendency to agree with everything
35
What is a reactant response set
tendency to disagree with everything
36
What extreme responding?
Avoiding the middle of the scale, extreme answers only
37
What is moderate responding?
only responding in the middle of the scale
38
What is the social-desirability bias?
people lying to present themselves in a certain way
39
How do you test for social desirability?
Lie scales, like the Marlowe-Crowne scale things that address social desirability but are so extreme that they are never true and are integrated in the test
40
What is the Barnum Effect?
When people believe that general descriptions fit their personality and thus believe in astrology, psychics, palm readers, etc. So general that it fits everyone
41
What are the two approaches to studying personality?
nomothetic (personality characteristics of groups of people), ideographic (individuals)
42
What are the positives are negatives of correlational studies?
Allow you to predict behavior in one area by knowing a persons score on a related variable Third variable problem
43
Pros and cons of experiments?
Allow discussions of causation Sometimes unclear what part of manipulation changed the dependent variable, cannot always be done ethically
44
What is psychoanalysis?
the study of the dynamics of the mind Emphasizes unconscious mind and its influence on behavior Symbolism Great influence on common culture
45
What are the 3 parts of Freud's topographical model?
the unconscious the conscious the preconscious
46
What is the unconscious revealed through?
Hypnosis, dream analysis and free association
47
What is a drive?
a biological need and its psychological state psychological craving
48
What are the 2 classes of drives?
Eros: life or sexual drives or instincts Thanatos: death drives or instincts (tendency to retreat)
49
What is catharsis?
the tension of a drive that is released after build up
50
What is mood congruent recall?
when you're angry, likely to think of all the other times you were angry Catharsis not being reached because getting angrier and angrier
51
What are the three parts of Freud's Structural Model of the Mind?
Id, ego, superego
52
What is the Id?
Very biological Pleasure principle: seek pleasure, avoid pain Reflex action: immediate physical action without thought Wish fulfillment: forming a mental image of an object or event that would satisfy a drive Primary processes: illogical and unconscious
53
What is the Ego?
Logical and reasoning to satisfy needs, no sense of morality Waits until it is appropriate to discharge id's tension
54
What is the Superego?
Monitors the morality or social desirability of behavior Introjection: incorporating the values of parents and society
55
What are the 2 subsystems of the superego?
The Ego Ideal: rules for good behavior or standard of excellence, pride The Conscious: rules about what behaviors the parents punish/disapprove of, shame
56
What are the 3 goals of the superego?
1. To prevent the Id impulses that would be disapproved of 2. To get the ego to act morally instead of rationally 3. To guide the person to perfection
57
What is cathexis?
libido becomes attached to or obsessed with an object
58
What is erogenous zone?
libido becomes attached to a part of the body
59
What is fixation?
being stuck at a particular stage Resolving drive moves you on Can become fixated if you have too much fun, gratification and pleasure in the stage Energy will stay there
60
What are the five stages of Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development?
The oral stage Anal stage Phallic stage The latency period The genital stage
61
What is the oral stage?
0-18 months Libidinal energy attached to mouth Substages: 1. Oral incorporative phase: - 1st 6 months - child is taking in 2. Oral sadistic phase: - teeth - pleasure is biting
62
What is the Anal Stage?
18 months-3 years Libidinal attached to anal area First time putting limits on biological process Two patterns when focus is on punishment: 1. Anal expulsive - going wherever, whenever, retaliation - messy, destructive 2. Anal Retentive: - rebelling through not going at all, withholding - neat, tidy
63
What is the Phallic Stage?
3-5 years old Libido is attached to genitals and focus on parent of opposite sex instead of self Oedipus Complex Castration anxiety Penis envy daughters in love with fathers sons in love with mothers
64
What is the Latency Period?
6-12 years old Intellectual and social pursuits dominate Libido becomes more dormant
65
What is the genital stage?
Adolescence to adulthood Sexuality focused on partner desires are less egocentric and more focused on mutual sexual gratification with partner
66
What are the 2 types of content in dreams?
Latent Content: real meaning of dream, information from unconscious Manifest Content: symbolic meaning
67
Are the content of dreams linked with personality?
yes
68
people high in neuroticism have more
nightmares
69
highly agreeable people see what in their dreams?
people
70
What does thought suppression during waking hours affect?
Dream content
71
What is parapraxes?
memory lapses, slips of speech, accidents, lost of mislaid objects, forgetting
72
What is symbolic behavior?
Seemingly innocent behaviors that reveal unconscious desires
73
What is free association?
Speaking in an uncensored way Look at hesitations, nonresponses, and trying to explain responses as a sign of anxiety
74
What are the 3 types of anxiety?
Reality anxiety: arises from danger in world Neurotic anxiety: unconscious fear the id impulses will be seen and result in punishment Moral anxiety: fear resulting from a violation of a moral code, shame or guilt
75
What is a defensive mechanism?
Used to deal with neurotic or moral anxiety Operates unconsciously Distorts or transforms reality Anna Freud

Psychology of Personality (1 decks)

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