Test 1 (Chapter 1) Flashcards
All aspects of the natural physical surroundings, such as climate, terrain, soils, vegetation, and wildlife
Physical environment
An abstract location on a map
Space
An abstraction, an imaginary situation, proposed by geographers to stimulate laboratory conditions so that they can isolate certain causal forces
Model
Used to connote the subjective, ideographic, humanistic, culturally oriented type of geography that seeks to understand the unique character of individual regions and places
Place
A cultural region inhabited by people who have one or more cultural traits in common; such as language, religion, or system of livelihood
Formal region
The areas where different regions meet and sometimes overlap
Border zones
Concept based on the tendency of both formal and functional culture regions to consist of a core or node, in which defining traits are purest or functions are headquartered, and a periphery that is tributary and displays fewer defining traits
Core-periphery
A cultural area that functions as a unit politically, socially, or economically
Functional region
A central point in a functional culture region where functions are coordinated and directed
Node
A culture region perceived to exist by its inhabitants, based in the collective spatial perception of the population at large and bearing a generally accepted name or nickname
Vernacular region
The relative ability of people, ideas, or things to move freely through space
Mobility
The movement of people, ideas, or things from one location outward toward other locations
Diffusion
The spread of an innovation or other element of culture that occurs with the bodily relocation (migration) of the individual or group responsible for the innovation
Relocation diffusion
The spread of innovations within an area in a snowballing process, so that the total number of knowers or users becomes greater and the area of occurrence grows
Expansion diffusion
A type of expansion diffusion in which a specific traits fails to spread but the underlying idea or concept is accepted
Stimulus diffusion
The decrease in acceptance of a cultural innovation with increasing time and distance from its origin
Time-distance decay
A barrier that completely halts diffusion of innovations and blocks the spread of cultural elements
Absorbing barrier
The large-scale movements of people between different regions of the world
Migrations
The movements of groups of people who maintain ties to their homelands after they have migrated
Transnational migrations
The binding together of all lands and peoples of the world into an integrated system driven by capitalistic free markets, in which cultural diffusion is rapid, independent states are weakened, and cultural homogenization is encouraged
Globalization
The tendency for industry to develop in core-periphery pattern, enriching the industrialized countries of the core and impoverishing the less industrialized periphery. Suburban areas are enriched while the inner city is impoverished
Uneven development
A term that refers to the complex relationships between people and the physical environment
Nature-culture
The study of the relationships between the physical environment and culture
Cultural ecology
The belief that cultures are directly or indirectly shaped by the physical environment
Environmental determinism
The belief that humans are the primary active force; that any environment offers a number of different possible ways for a culture to develop
Possibilism
The belief that culture depends more on what people perceive the environment to be that on the actual character of the environment
Environmental perception
An inherent danger present in a given habitat, such as floods, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, or earthquakes
Natural hazard
The view that humans are part of, not separate from, nature and that the habitat possesses a soul and is filled with nature-spirits
Organic view of nature
The view that humans are separate from nature and hold dominion over it and that the habitat is an integrated mechanism governed by external forces that the human mind can understand and manipulate
Mechanistic view of nature
A doctrine proposing that women are inherently better environmental preservationists than men because the traditional roles of women involved creating and nurturing life, whereas the traditional roles of men too often necessitated death and destruction
Ecofeminism
All the built forms that cultural groups create in inhabiting the Earth - roads, agricultural fields, cities, houses, parks, gardens, commercial buildings, etc
Cultural landscape
Landscapes that express the values, beliefs, and meanings of a particular culture
Symbolic landscapes
The visible human imprint on the land
Cultural landscape
The spatial arrangement of buildings, roads, towns, and other features that people construct while inhabiting an area
Settlement forms
A relatively dense settlement form
Nucleation
A type of settlement form in which people live relatively distant from each other
Dispersed
A term that refers to the spatial patterns of different land uses
Land-division patterns
