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Nursing Research > Test 1 (Ch.1 &2) > Flashcards

Test 1 (Ch.1 &2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is research?

A

Research is the systematic, rigorous, critical investigation that aims to answer questions about nursing phenomena

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2
Q

Research vs. evidence based practice. What is research?

A

Research is the systematic, rigorous, logical investigation that aims to answer questions about nursing phenomena

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3
Q

Research vs. evidence based practice. What is EVP?

A

EVP is the collection, and integration of valid research evidence, combined with clinical expertise and an understanding of patient and family values and preferences to inform clinical decision making

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4
Q

Quality Improvement

A

Systematic use of data to monitor the outcomes of care processes as well as the use of improvement methods to design and test changes in practice, the aim of which is to continuously improve the quality and safety of health care systems

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5
Q

Nurse as “knowledgeable consumer”

A

Nurses must ne knowledgeable consumers of research and should be able to appraise research evidence and use existing standards to determine the merit and readiness of research for use in clinical practice

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6
Q

Qualitative research

A

Seeks to understand the meaning of the human experience, is usually conducted in natural settings, seeks to DESCRIBE experiences, takes a subjective approach, and is theory generating

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7
Q

Quantitative research

A

Seeks to test relationships or answer a question, explains cause and effect relationships, seeks to DESCRIBE phenomena, objectivity is important, theory testing

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8
Q

Critical Reading

A

Actively looking for assumptions, key concepts and ideas, reasons, justifications, supporting examples, implications and consequences, and any other structural features of the written text, to interpret and assess it accurately and fairly

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9
Q

What is a research technique?

A

The process of critical appraisal that objectively and critically evaluates a research reports content for scientific merit and application to practice. Requires some knowledge of the subject matter and knowledge of how to critically read and use critiquing criteria

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10
Q

Evidence Based Practice and Research

A

EVP allows one to systematically use the best available evidence from research w/the integration of individual clinical expertise, as well as the patients values and preferences, to make clinical decisions

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11
Q

Grading the Strength of a Body of Evidence: Quality

A

The extent to which a studys design, implementation, and analysis minimizes bias

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12
Q

Grading the Strength of a Body of Evidence: Quantity

A

The number of studies that have evaluated the research question, including overall sample size across studies, as well as the strength of the findings from data analysis

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13
Q

Grading the Strength of a Body of Evidence: Consistency

A

The degree to which other studies, w/similar or different designs, investigating the same research question report similar findings

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14
Q

Types of Journal Articles: Research

A

qualitative, quantitative, or mixed

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15
Q

Types of Journal Articles: Systematic Review

A

Summation and assessment of a group of research studies that test a similar research question. if statistical techniques are used to summarize and assess the studies, the systemic review is labled meta-analysis

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16
Q

Types of Journal Articles: Meta-Analysis

A

Summary of a number of studies focused on a question/topic using a specific statistical methodology to synthesize the findings in order to draw conclusions about the area of focus

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17
Q

Types of Journal articles: Integrative Review

A

A focused review and synthesis of either research or theoretical literature on a particular area that follows specific steps of literature integration and synthesis without statistical analysis and can include both quantitative and qualitative articles

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18
Q

Types of Journal Articles: Meta Synthesis and Meta Summary

A

Synthesis of a number of qualitative research studies on a focused topic using specific qualitative methodology

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19
Q

Clinical Guidelines

A

Consensus or expert based guidelines are developed by expert panels, evidence based guidelines are those developed using research findings

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20
Q

Quality Improvement

A

Conducting an assessment, setting specific goals for improvement, identifying ideas for changing current practice, deciding how improvements in care will be measured, rapidly testing practice changes, measuring improvements in care, adopting the practice change as a new standard of care

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21
Q

Critical Reading Steps

A

Preliminary understanding (skimming), Comprehensive understanding, analysis understanding, Synthesis understanding

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22
Q

Research questions should…

A

Define specific question area, reflect a review of the literature, identify the potential significance to nursing, reflect the feasibility of studying the research question

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23
Q

Independent variable X

A

Variable that has presumed effect on dependent variable. Manipulated

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24
Q

Dependent variable Y

A

Varies with a change in the independent variable. Not manipulated but observed, the variable we are interested in testing

25
Q

The research question

A

Presents the idea that will be studied, also called the problem statement, focuses on: describing variables, specifying the population being studied, examining testable relationships among variables. The hypothesis attempts to answer the research question must be testable

26
Q

Steps in defining the research question

A

idea emerges, brainstorming, literature review, identify variables, research question formulated

27
Q

Literature Review

A

Critical examination of individual studies and systemic reviews to refine and focus the research question. Important variables can be identified

28
Q

Significance of the research question

A

Will the findings lend support to untested theoretical assumptions, extend or challenge an existing theory, fill a gap, or clarify a conflict in the literature? Will they potentially provide evidence that supports developing, retaining, or revising nursing practices or policies? Will they be beneficial, applicable, and theoretically relevant>

29
Q

Feasibility of the Research Question

A

Time, population of interest availability, adequate facilities, equipment, and money, researcher experience, ethical difficulties?

30
Q

3 characteristics of fully developed research question

A

Variables considered are clearly identified, population being studied is clearly identified, possibility of empirical testing is implied

31
Q

Variables

A

Something that varies (age, weight, height). Differences in one variable relate to differences in the other. The variables could be the independent variable in one study and the dependent variable in another study

32
Q

Population

A

Must be clearly specified. Setting must be clearly described.

33
Q

Testability

A

Can the research question be tested by measuring the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variables? The variables can be observed, measured, and analyzed.

34
Q

Study purpose, aims, or objectives

A

What the investigator hopes to achieve, suggests the level of evidence to be obtained

35
Q

Research Hypothesis

A

Flows from the research question, literature review, and theoretical framework. Predicts the expected outcome, formulated before the study is started bc it determines how data are collected, analyzed and interpreted

36
Q

Directional Hypothesis

A

Expected direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

37
Q

Non Directional Hypothesis

A

Indicates the existence of a relationship between the variables, but doesn’t specify the anticipated direction of the relationship

38
Q

What is a “good” hypothesis?

A

A declarative statement that identifies a predicted relationship between X and Y. The nature of the relationship is implied. It should be testable and consistent with an existing theory and research findings

39
Q

What are the variables involved in wording the hypothesis?

A

The population being studied, the predicted outcome of the hypothesis

40
Q

Research Hypothesis vs Statistical Hypothesis- RH

A

Also known as scientific hypothesis, predicts the expected outcome, may be directional or non directional

41
Q

Research Hypothesis vs Statistical Hypothesis-SH

A

Also known as null hypothesis, states there is no relationship between X and Y

42
Q

Hypotheses. What is most common?

A

Most hypotheses are RESEARCH hypotheses and DIRECTIONAL bc they PREDICT the DIRECTION of the outcome. They state in what way and what direction X will influence Y

43
Q

Two Tailed Hypothesis

A

Predict that there will be a difference between the groups, but not the direction of the difference

44
Q

4 components of clinical questions (PICO)

A

population, intervention, comparison, outcome

45
Q

Critiquing the research question

A

Is there an implied relationship b/t two or more variables? Is the population being studied described? Can the implied relationship be tested?

46
Q

Critiquing the hypothesis

A

The hypothesis might not be explicitly stated; it may be inferred. Even when stated, it should be reexamined in the results or discussion section, data analysis should answer the hypothesis, hypothesis should logically follow the literature review and theoretical framework. Hypothesis are NEVER proven. Findings either support or don’t support the hypothesis

47
Q

Literature Review

A

A systemic and critical appraisal, provides the development and foundation of a research study, provides the development and foundation of the theoretical framework, ESSENTIAL to evidence based nursing practice

48
Q

Theoretical or conceptual framework

A

The basis for the development of research questions or hypotheses. Can be viewed as a map for understanding the relationships between or among the variables in quantitative studies, presents the context for studying the problem, often illustrated using a diagram, integral to practice and research

49
Q

Sources for Literature Review

A

Primary: Research articles and books by the original author, Secondary: Published articles or books thatre written by persons other than the individual who conducted the research study or developed the theory

50
Q

Literature Review: Components of the Research Process

A

research question and hypothesis, design and method, outcome of the analysis

51
Q

Goal of the literature review- researcher and consumer

A

Researcher: develop the knowledge foundation necessary to design a sound study, generate research questions and hypothesis. Consumer- Answer a clinical question or solve a problem to improve patient outcome

52
Q

Literature Review: Researchers Perspective

A

Facilitates understanding of the problem by identifying a theoretical or conceptual framework to provide a context. Discover what is known and not known to refine the research question and hypothesis. Assists in the design and methods to be used. Allows interpretation and discussion of the outcome of the analysis by comparison w/previous studies

53
Q

Literature Review: Consumers Perspective

A

Identifying and gathering evidence, critically appraising and synthesizing evidence, assessing the usefulness of the evidence in changing practice, changing practice to improve outcomes or justify current interventions, developing evidence based practice projects

54
Q

Literature Review: Consumers Perspective- 3 steps in EVP process

A

Asking clinical questions, identifying and gathering evidence, critically appraising and synthesizing the evidence or literature

55
Q

Computerized Decision Support System

A

Integrates EVP clinical info into electronic medical record. Specific pt data can be entered and matched against a knowledge base to generate pt-specific recommendations or assessments

56
Q

Summaries

A

Clinical practice guidelines and electronic EVP textbooks. EVP guidelines that provide recommendations based on high quality evidence

57
Q

Synopsis of synthesis

A

Provides a preappraised summary of systemic review. Synopses provide a synthesis of the review; some include commentary related to strength of the evidence and applicability to a patient population

58
Q

Synthesis

A

Systemic reviews are a synthesis of research on a clinical topic conducted by multiple experts. Include quantitative summaries, metaanlysis. Synopsis of single studies: Keep in mind that a synopsis of a single study, while critically preappraised, still remains a single study. Most often, significant practice changes are not based on the results of a single study.

59
Q

What is a referred or peer reviewed journal?

A

Panel of expert scholars. Usually reviews are “blind” to promote objectivity, name of the authors isn’t included. Reviewers use a set of scholarly criteria to judge whether it meets criteria to be published

Nursing Research (2 decks)

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