Test 1 (Ch.1 &2)

Question 1

What is research?

Answer 1

Research is the systematic, rigorous, critical investigation that aims to answer questions about nursing phenomena

Question 2

Research vs. evidence based practice. What is research?

Answer 2

Research is the systematic, rigorous, logical investigation that aims to answer questions about nursing phenomena

Question 3

Research vs. evidence based practice. What is EVP?

Answer 3

EVP is the collection, and integration of valid research evidence, combined with clinical expertise and an understanding of patient and family values and preferences to inform clinical decision making

Question 4

Quality Improvement

Answer 4

Systematic use of data to monitor the outcomes of care processes as well as the use of improvement methods to design and test changes in practice, the aim of which is to continuously improve the quality and safety of health care systems

Question 5

Nurse as “knowledgeable consumer”

Answer 5

Nurses must ne knowledgeable consumers of research and should be able to appraise research evidence and use existing standards to determine the merit and readiness of research for use in clinical practice

Question 6

Qualitative research

Answer 6

Seeks to understand the meaning of the human experience, is usually conducted in natural settings, seeks to DESCRIBE experiences, takes a subjective approach, and is theory generating

Question 7

Quantitative research

Answer 7

Seeks to test relationships or answer a question, explains cause and effect relationships, seeks to DESCRIBE phenomena, objectivity is important, theory testing

Question 8

Critical Reading

Answer 8

Actively looking for assumptions, key concepts and ideas, reasons, justifications, supporting examples, implications and consequences, and any other structural features of the written text, to interpret and assess it accurately and fairly

Question 9

What is a research technique?

Answer 9

The process of critical appraisal that objectively and critically evaluates a research reports content for scientific merit and application to practice. Requires some knowledge of the subject matter and knowledge of how to critically read and use critiquing criteria

Question 10

Evidence Based Practice and Research

Answer 10

EVP allows one to systematically use the best available evidence from research w/the integration of individual clinical expertise, as well as the patients values and preferences, to make clinical decisions

Question 11

Grading the Strength of a Body of Evidence: Quality

Answer 11

The extent to which a studys design, implementation, and analysis minimizes bias

Question 12

Grading the Strength of a Body of Evidence: Quantity

Answer 12

The number of studies that have evaluated the research question, including overall sample size across studies, as well as the strength of the findings from data analysis

Question 13

Grading the Strength of a Body of Evidence: Consistency

Answer 13

The degree to which other studies, w/similar or different designs, investigating the same research question report similar findings

Question 14

Types of Journal Articles: Research

Answer 14

qualitative, quantitative, or mixed

Question 15

Types of Journal Articles: Systematic Review

Answer 15

Summation and assessment of a group of research studies that test a similar research question. if statistical techniques are used to summarize and assess the studies, the systemic review is labled meta-analysis

Question 16

Types of Journal Articles: Meta-Analysis

Answer 16

Summary of a number of studies focused on a question/topic using a specific statistical methodology to synthesize the findings in order to draw conclusions about the area of focus

Question 17

Types of Journal articles: Integrative Review

Answer 17

A focused review and synthesis of either research or theoretical literature on a particular area that follows specific steps of literature integration and synthesis without statistical analysis and can include both quantitative and qualitative articles

Question 18

Types of Journal Articles: Meta Synthesis and Meta Summary

Answer 18

Synthesis of a number of qualitative research studies on a focused topic using specific qualitative methodology

Question 19

Clinical Guidelines

Answer 19

Consensus or expert based guidelines are developed by expert panels, evidence based guidelines are those developed using research findings

Question 20

Quality Improvement

Answer 20

Conducting an assessment, setting specific goals for improvement, identifying ideas for changing current practice, deciding how improvements in care will be measured, rapidly testing practice changes, measuring improvements in care, adopting the practice change as a new standard of care

Question 21

Critical Reading Steps

Answer 21

Preliminary understanding (skimming), Comprehensive understanding, analysis understanding, Synthesis understanding

Question 22

Research questions should…

Answer 22

Define specific question area, reflect a review of the literature, identify the potential significance to nursing, reflect the feasibility of studying the research question

Question 23

Independent variable X

Answer 23

Variable that has presumed effect on dependent variable. Manipulated

Question 24

Dependent variable Y

Answer 24

Varies with a change in the independent variable. Not manipulated but observed, the variable we are interested in testing

Question 25

The research question

Answer 25

Presents the idea that will be studied, also called the problem statement, focuses on: describing variables, specifying the population being studied, examining testable relationships among variables. The hypothesis attempts to answer the research question *must be testable*

Question 26

Steps in defining the research question

Answer 26

idea emerges, brainstorming, literature review, identify variables, research question formulated

Question 27

Literature Review

Answer 27

Critical examination of individual studies and systemic reviews to refine and focus the research question. Important variables can be identified

Question 28

Significance of the research question

Answer 28

Will the findings lend support to untested theoretical assumptions, extend or challenge an existing theory, fill a gap, or clarify a conflict in the literature? Will they potentially provide evidence that supports developing, retaining, or revising nursing practices or policies? Will they be beneficial, applicable, and theoretically relevant>

Question 29

Feasibility of the Research Question

Answer 29

Time, population of interest availability, adequate facilities, equipment, and money, researcher experience, ethical difficulties?

Question 30

3 characteristics of fully developed research question

Answer 30

Variables considered are clearly identified, population being studied is clearly identified, possibility of empirical testing is implied

Question 31

Variables

Answer 31

Something that varies (age, weight, height). Differences in one variable relate to differences in the other. The variables could be the independent variable in one study and the dependent variable in another study

Question 32

Population

Answer 32

Must be clearly specified. Setting must be clearly described.

Question 33

Testability

Answer 33

Can the research question be tested by measuring the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variables? The variables can be observed, measured, and analyzed.

Question 34

Study purpose, aims, or objectives

Answer 34

What the investigator hopes to achieve, suggests the level of evidence to be obtained

Question 35

Research Hypothesis

Answer 35

Flows from the research question, literature review, and theoretical framework. Predicts the expected outcome, formulated before the study is started bc it determines how data are collected, analyzed and interpreted

Question 36

Directional Hypothesis

Answer 36

Expected direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

Question 37

Non Directional Hypothesis

Answer 37

Indicates the existence of a relationship between the variables, but doesn't specify the anticipated direction of the relationship

Question 38

What is a "good" hypothesis?

Answer 38

A declarative statement that identifies a predicted relationship between X and Y. The nature of the relationship is implied. It should be testable and consistent with an existing theory and research findings

Question 39

What are the variables involved in wording the hypothesis?

Answer 39

The population being studied, the predicted outcome of the hypothesis

Question 40

Research Hypothesis vs Statistical Hypothesis- RH

Answer 40

Also known as scientific hypothesis, predicts the expected outcome, may be directional or non directional

Question 41

Research Hypothesis vs Statistical Hypothesis-SH

Answer 41

Also known as null hypothesis, states there is no relationship between X and Y

Question 42

Hypotheses. What is most common?

Answer 42

Most hypotheses are RESEARCH hypotheses and DIRECTIONAL bc they PREDICT the DIRECTION of the outcome. They state in what way and what direction X will influence Y

Question 43

Two Tailed Hypothesis

Answer 43

Predict that there will be a difference between the groups, but not the direction of the difference

Question 44

4 components of clinical questions (PICO)

Answer 44

population, intervention, comparison, outcome

Question 45

Critiquing the research question

Answer 45

Is there an implied relationship b/t two or more variables? Is the population being studied described? Can the implied relationship be tested?

Question 46

Critiquing the hypothesis

Answer 46

The hypothesis might not be explicitly stated; it may be inferred. Even when stated, it should be reexamined in the results or discussion section, data analysis should answer the hypothesis, hypothesis should logically follow the literature review and theoretical framework. Hypothesis are NEVER proven. Findings either support or don't support the hypothesis

Question 47

Literature Review

Answer 47

A systemic and critical appraisal, provides the development and foundation of a research study, provides the development and foundation of the theoretical framework, ESSENTIAL to evidence based nursing practice

Question 48

Theoretical or conceptual framework

Answer 48

The basis for the development of research questions or hypotheses. Can be viewed as a map for understanding the relationships between or among the variables in quantitative studies, presents the context for studying the problem, often illustrated using a diagram, integral to practice and research

Question 49

Sources for Literature Review

Answer 49

Primary: Research articles and books by the original author, Secondary: Published articles or books thatre written by persons other than the individual who conducted the research study or developed the theory

Question 50

Literature Review: Components of the Research Process

Answer 50

research question and hypothesis, design and method, outcome of the analysis

Question 51

Goal of the literature review- researcher and consumer

Answer 51

Researcher: develop the knowledge foundation necessary to design a sound study, generate research questions and hypothesis. Consumer- Answer a clinical question or solve a problem to improve patient outcome

Question 52

Literature Review: Researchers Perspective

Answer 52

Facilitates understanding of the problem by identifying a theoretical or conceptual framework to provide a context. Discover what is known and not known to refine the research question and hypothesis. Assists in the design and methods to be used. Allows interpretation and discussion of the outcome of the analysis by comparison w/previous studies

Question 53

Literature Review: Consumers Perspective

Answer 53

Identifying and gathering evidence, critically appraising and synthesizing evidence, assessing the usefulness of the evidence in changing practice, changing practice to improve outcomes or justify current interventions, developing evidence based practice projects

Question 54

Literature Review: Consumers Perspective- 3 steps in EVP process

Answer 54

Asking clinical questions, identifying and gathering evidence, critically appraising and synthesizing the evidence or literature

Question 55

Computerized Decision Support System

Answer 55

Integrates EVP clinical info into electronic medical record. Specific pt data can be entered and matched against a knowledge base to generate pt-specific recommendations or assessments

Question 56

Summaries

Answer 56

Clinical practice guidelines and electronic EVP textbooks. EVP guidelines that provide recommendations based on high quality evidence

Question 57

Synopsis of synthesis

Answer 57

Provides a preappraised summary of systemic review. Synopses provide a synthesis of the review; some include commentary related to strength of the evidence and applicability to a patient population

Question 58

Synthesis

Answer 58

Systemic reviews are a synthesis of research on a clinical topic conducted by multiple experts. Include quantitative summaries, metaanlysis. Synopsis of single studies: Keep in mind that a synopsis of a single study, while critically preappraised, still remains a single study. Most often, significant practice changes are not based on the results of a single study.

Question 59

What is a referred or peer reviewed journal?

Answer 59

Panel of expert scholars. Usually reviews are "blind" to promote objectivity, name of the authors isn't included. Reviewers use a set of scholarly criteria to judge whether it meets criteria to be published