Test 1 (Ch. 1-7) Flashcards
glucose
the only dietary fuel used by the brain
when are ketones created?
when the body is starved of glucose
ketones
created from burning body fat
ketosis
the process of burning body fat to produce ketones
how can ketones be harmful?
can harm kidney function, toxic in excess
intermittent fasting
fat is burned for energy, body enters ketosis
insulin resistance
when too much glucose is in blood, cells shut down insulin receptors and insulin turns glucose into fat
metabolism
the sum of all chemical reactions
anabolic
to build
catabolic
to break down
basal metabolism
the energy needed to maintain the body at rest
basal metabolic rate
how much energy is need to keep the body at rest
what happen when the body is calorically deficient?
the body starts to burn muscle for energy
proteins break down into…
amino acids
lipids break down into…
fatty acids
carbs are…
a non-essential nutrients
sugar alcohols
a by-product of breaking down glucose
should sugar alcohols be avoided?
yes
simple carbs
break down quickly, give burst of energy
complex carbs
take longer to break down, gives sustained released of energy
net carbs
total carbs - dietary fiber
monosaccharides
1 sugar → glucose, fructose, galactose
disaccharides
2 sugars → maltose, sucrose, lactose
maltose
glucose + glucose
sucrose
glucose + fructose
lactose
galactose + glucose
-ase enzyme breaks down…
-ose sugar
essential nutrients
proteins, lipids, vitamins and minerals
how many calories do carbs give?
4 calories/gram
how many calories do proteins give?
4 calories/gram
how many calories do lipids give?
9 calories/gram
lactose intolerance
a lack of enzymes needed to break down lactose
phytoestrogen and xenoestrogens
function like estrogen in the body
sodium nitrates
are carcinogenic
bha and bht
are carcinogenic
fda
attempts to ensure that food is free of disease and bacteria
usda
looks at how food is grown, makes sure farmers adhere to the specificity of growing standards
body mass index
determines if you are underweight, overweight, or a healthy weight based on height and weight
what is one flaw of bmi?
doesn’t take into account other body masses
gluten
a protein that usually causes a micro-inflammatory response in the body
celiac disease
an over-sensitization to gluten leading to a complete intolerance to gluten
fat burners
consumables meant to burn fat
appestat mechanism
how do i turn hunger on and off
leptin
decreases hunger
ghrelin
increases hunger
gastric distention
sends signal to the brain saying, “i’m full”
anorexia
caloric intake is lowered to the bare minimum, if any at all
bulimia
individual eats food and then purges it very soon after
what is one side effect of bulimia
cancer from stomach acid burning the esophagus
binge eating
eating a large amount of food in one sitting and then not eating for several days
anabolic steroids can cause
mood swings, liver damage, cancer, etc.
is histidine essential or non-essential?
essential
is isoleucine essential or non-essential?
essential
is leucine essential or non-essential?
essential
is lysine essential or non-essential?
essential
is methionine essential or non essential?
essential
is phenylalanine essential or non essential?
essential
is threonine essential or non essential?
essential
is tryptophan essential or non essential?
essential
is valine essential or non essential?
essential
calcium
major mineral
phosphorus
major mineral
potassium
major mineral
sulfur
major mineral
sodium
major mineral
chlorine
major mineral
magnesium
major mineral
iron
trace mineral
manganese
trace mineral
copper
trace mineral
iodine
trace mineral
cobalt
trace mineral
zinc
trace mineral
fluorine
trace mineral
selenium
trace mineral
chromium
trace mineral
water soluble vitamins
b and c
fat soluble vitamins
a, d, e, and k
b1
thiamine
b2
riboflavin
b3
niacin
b5
pantothenic acid
b6
pyroxine
b7
biotin
b9
folic acid
b12
cyanocobalamin
