Test 1 CH 1-4 Flashcards
tradition vs tenacity
it is true because it has always been true.
intuition
it is true because i feel it is
authority
it is true because an expert said it is true
reasoning
it is true because i have logically derived it to be true. thinking with reason
empiricism
it is true because i have experienced it to be true
science
a way of acquiring knowledge through the continual interaction of empiricism and reasoning.
what does the science of psychology give us?
it provides the theory
what does the art of psychology give us?
it applies the theory in skillful ways to help others.
n of one fallacy
drawing conclusions/generalization from anecdotal evidence
objectives of science*
describe-(subject matter)
explain(trends)
predict (predict from explanation)
control (control and apply)
5 tenets of science
determinism empiricism replicability falsifiability parsimony
determinism
natural cause
empiricism
reliance on real evidence to confirm or refute claims
replicability
must be able to be repeated
falsifiability
hypothesis and theories must be able to be falsified through empirical research.
parsimony
simple explanation for a phenomena
steps in the scientific method
- assume a natural cause
- make an educated guess
- test guess
- revise hypothesis
- re-test guess
- make a conclusion
theory
a statement of how concepts are created
concepts
the general category of ideas that are represented by our variables
hypothesis
a prediction of how concepts are related that is often deduced from a theory.
approaches to research
descriptive vs explanatory quantitative vs qualitative basic vs applied cross-sectional vs longitudinal field vs lab
basic research
researcher wants to answer a question simply to satisfy own curiosity
applied research
the researcher is looking to apply the knowledge to somehow benefit humankind
cross-sectional
different ages at one time
longitudinal
same age over a hundred years
difference between field and lab
field allows more natural setting
lab allows better control over variable.
Layout of a peer review*
abstract (summary) intro (hypothesis incl.) method (how?) results (#'s, mean, tests) discussion (what now?)
what is the process of peer review?
the editor of a journal sends submitted manuscripts out to be reviewed by other researchers in the field.
what is the process of reviewed blind
the reviewers do not know the author.
abstract section
complete summary
introduction section
background of the research
independent variable
manipulated
dependent variable
what they measured
moderating variables
influence the relationship between IV and DV
mediating variable
had an influence on the results. intervenes on the IV and DV
method section
details on exactly how the variables were measured. controlled.
participant/subject
humans and animals that were used in the experiment
material/apparatus
details about the equipment that was used.
procedure
chronological sequence of what happened to the participants
results section
statistical information about whether or not the data supported the research hypotheses
descriptive statistics
includes measures of central tendencies, variability, and the strength of the relationship.
pearson-product momentum correlation
describes how strongly variables are related to one another. (symb is “r”)
inferential statistics
used to generalize the findings of a study
common test of significance
used in hypothesis testing to determine whether results are statistically significant
effect size
provides some indication of the strength of the effct
discussion section
how the results fit into the literature, includes suggestion for future research.
statistical research
state the expected relationship between or among summary values of a population called parameters.
null hypothesis
used for inferential statistics, states that there is no statistical difference between two things
alternate hypothesis
the outset of the study. can use when null is rejected
steps in hypothesis testing*
state null and alternate
collect data and analyze
reject null/accept alt. or fail to reject null
state conclusion
type 1 error
(Lie) reject a true null, alpha, false positive
type 2 error
(missed something) false null is failed to be rejected, beta, false negative.
power
our ability to reject a false null
external validity
when findings of a study can be generalized to other populations and settings.
internal validity
the validity of the measures within a study.
directly related to the researchers control.
extraneous
variable that may effect the outcome of the study but was not manipulated.
confounding variable
a variable that is systematically related to the independent and dependent variable
spurius effect
an outcome that was influenced by a third unrelated variable.
controlled variable
a variable that the researcher takes into account when designing a research study or experiment.
nuisance variable
contribute variances to our dependent measures and clouds the results
elimination
get rid of extraneous variables
constancy
keep things constant
secondary variables as an IV
make variable a secondary when you cant change them
randomization
random assignment of a participant group. so groups are initially equivalent
repeated measures
use the same participants in all conditions
statistical control
treat the extraneous variables as a covariable and use statistical procedures to remove it from analysis
what is the difference between general principles and ethical principles.
general principles are aspirational in nature, their intent is to guide and inspire researchers to the highest ethical standards. Ethical standards are rules that must be followed.
5 general principles that guide psychologists
benefience & nonmaleficence fidelity & responsibility integrity justice respect for people's right and dignity
